PHYSICS 201 ASSIGNMENT

PHYSICS  201  ASSIGNMENT TO BE SUBMITTED August 2,  2011

1.    A ball is projected vertically upward with a velocity of  15 m/s. After 0.5 seconds another ball is projected vertically upward with a velocity of 18 m/s. Can the second ball overtake the first ball?  If so, determine the height and time during overtaking.

2.   A rock is drop from rest from the top of an 80 m  tower.  How far from the ground is the rock 2.5 seconds after its release ? How long is the rock on air before hitting the ground?  What is the height travelled during the third second?  

3.    Masses of 2 kg and 5 kg are drop from rest  simultaneously from the top of a 30 m high building.  Which mass will arrive on the ground first?  How far from the ground are the rocks 1.5 seconds after they are release? 

4.    A rock is drop from rest from the top of an 80 m  tower. Another rock was drop 0.75 second later with an initial speed of  10 m/s. Can the second rock overtake the first rock? If so, determine the time and the height relative to the ground when the overtaking take place. 

5.   A  50 g  mass is projected upward with a velocity of 12 m/s. Determine the time when the mass is 4 m  from the ground.  What is the speed of the mass at this height?

MATH E 111 / MATH 101 ASSIGNMENT

MATH  E  111  ASSIGNMENT TO BE SUBMITTED ON AUGUST  3,  2011  

I.  Factor the highest common factor.

1.    42 x²y³  -  6 x²y²  + 6 x³y⁴  - 12 x⁴y⁴             

2.    32s – 64s²  + 124sx                                       

3.    125m³p³ – 25m²p⁴ + 25m²p⁴  

 4.    11 px3 – 66 p³ x  - 11 px       

 5.    3xy² + 3xy³ + 5x²y² – 2x³y²

II. Factor by using difference of two squares

1.  5x4 – 80                           

2.  36 m³ – mx²                                   

3.  288y – 18m⁴y

4.   x⁴ – y⁴

5.   48 – 3m⁴ 

III.  Factor using perfect trinomial square

1.    p⁴y  –  4p²y  +  4y                     

2.   25m⁴  + 30m²p² + 9p⁴    

3.   3x² + 6xy +  3y² 

4.  36p² – 60py + 25y² 

5.  98  –  28 p  +  2 p² 

IV.  Factor by trial and error or  box method.

1.   6x²  –  x  –  15                                          

2.  2m²  +  5m  –  63                                      

3.   7y²  + 14py  –  6p² 

4.   6m²  +  7m  –  3

5.   2x²  –  3px  –  2p²

Gravity, Force and Newton's Laws

GRAVITY AND FALLING BODIES

Gravity is one of the most familiar forces in nature; its effect on motion has been a subject of discussion for centuries. If an object is dropped from a great height, it can be observed that it falls with ever increasing speed until air resistance balances the effect of gravity, at which time it is said to have reached its terminal velocity. The term free falling bodies is used for objects that are moving freely under the influence of gravity, whether they are moving upward or downward. Any object that has no forces other than gravity acting on it is said to be in free fall, whether it is moving upward, downward, or in any direction.
It is found that if air resistance can be made negligible, then falling bodies will accelerate toward the center of the earth at the same rate, regardless of their mass. The value for the acceleration of gravity, given the symbol g, has been measured on earth as g = 9.8 m/s2. Galileo was the first to demonstrate that all bodies fall at the same rate if air resistance is negligible. ( It is often said that he did this by dropping objects of various masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, although there is no historical evidence that he actually used the famed tower.) Galileo’s recorded experiments settled some very old controversies about falling bodies, proving less-popular ideas to be correct.
Even more important than his discoveries about falling objects was his breaking away from old methods of determining truth. Galileo is often credited with being the Father of Modern Science because of his forceful demonstration of the value of observation and the discoveries he made through his ingenious experiments.
The following is a data from one of Galileo’s earliest experiments of a ball rolling down an inclined plane. His data were recorded on his notes. Galileo held a ball at the top of an inclined, grooved board and marked its position. Releasing the ball, he marked its position at the end of equal intervals of time. This is much like dropping a ball from a height, except that the effect of gravity has been “reduced” by allowing the ball to roll slowly down the inclined board rather than falling straight down. The position as measured by Galileo are given in the following table :

Time t (equal intervals)  t2    Distance,S(points)     S/t2
 1                        1           33              33.0
 2                        4          130              32.5
 3                        9          298              33.1
 4                       16          526              32.9
 5                       25          824              33.0
 6                       36         1192              33.1
 7                       49         1620              33.1
 8                       64         2104              32.9
 

The observations show what was already known quantitatively to Galileo and others of his time – that a rolling (or falling) object picks up speed as it continues to roll (or fall). However, the debt we owe to Galileo is for his careful measurements and his quantitative (mathematical) interpretation of the data. His object was to find a general rule describing how distances increase with increasing time of fall. After some trial and error, and with considerable insight, Galileo realized that the distance traveled was proportional to the square of the elapsed time.

S => h = ½ at² ,

for vertical motion, a ==> g ( acceleration due to gravity )

Problems
1. A ball is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 15 m/s. How high does the ball rise from its projection point ? How long does it take for this rock to reach the highest point. How high does it go in 2 seconds ? in 3 seconds ? What is the time required to travel a height of 9 m ? 5 m ?
Ans. ( 11.48 m , 1.53 s , 10.4 m , 0.9 m , 0.82 s , 2.24 s , 0.38 s , 2.68 s )
2. A rock is dropped from a bridge 60 m high relative to the water on a river below. How long will it take for the rock to reach the surface of the water ? Calculate the positions of the rock 1s, 2 s, 3s after its release (a) relative to the bridge and (b) relative to the water.
3. A metal sphere is dropped from a 55 m high tower. Determine the height traveled by the sphere in the time interval from 1.5 s to 2.5 s.


FORCE, THE CAUSE OF ACCELERATION; NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

In 1642, several months after Galileo died, Isaac Newton was born. At age 23, Newton developed his famous laws of motion, which completed the overthrow of the Aristotelian idea that had dominated the thinking of the best minds for 2,000 years.
Every acceleration ( change in velocity ) is caused by forces acting on a body. Conversely, if a body does not accelerate, then the total force acting on it is zero even if several forces are present. The apparently simple idea of cause and effect, that forces cause acceleration, didn’t come easily. It was and still is tempting to think of common phenomena as having no cause and simple being “the nature of things”. For example, “Why does water flow downhill?” seems stupid. Yet such question have a serious answers; in this case, the force of gravity causes water to flow downhill. The genius of Newton and others was not only in providing answers to basic questions. But also in simply being curious enough to ask basic questions.
Force is defined intuitively as a push or a pull. If an applied force is the only one thing acting on a body, then the body will accelerate in the same direction as the force. The strength of the force determines the magnitude of the acceleration. If several forces act on a body, then its acceleration is in the same direction as the total force and has magnitude proportional to the total force.

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Galileo had a major influence in the study of motion. What Newton did was to write down the relationships between the force and motion in a form that could be used to predict and describe motion. Those relationships were found to apply in every circumstance where an experiment could be performed to test them and came to be known as Newton’s laws of motion.

The First Law : Inertia (mass). A body rest remain at rest or in motion in a straight line with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. The property of a body that causes it to remain at rest or to maintain a constant velocity is called inertia. The law was a refinement of Galileo’s idea --- in the absence of force, a moving object will continue moving. Galileo considered the tendency of things to resist change in motion as inertia. Inertia is a measure of how difficult is it to set a body into motion, or if it is already moving, how difficult is it to stop.


The Second Law: The acceleration produced by forces acting on a body is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net external force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
a = Fnet/m ==> Fnet= ma , m ==> mass and a ==> acceleration

Newton’s Second law gives a precise definition of force that is consistent with our intuitive notions of a force as a push or a pull. A large force produces a large acceleration, a large mass requires a large force to make it accelerate at the same rate as a small mass, and a body will accelerate in the same direction as the net force on it.

The Third Law : Action – Reaction. Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force back on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This is paraphrase as, “For every action there is equal and opposite reaction”.
One force is called the action force and the other is the reaction force. In every interaction, the forces always occur in pairs. The action and the reaction pair of forces make up the interaction between two things. We know that forces can cancel when they are equal and act in the opposite direction on the same object. Even though action and reaction are equal and oppositely directed, they do not cancel each other for they are acting on different bodies.
An example is a swimmer that exerts a force on the side of the pool. By Newton’s third law, the side of the pool exerts a force back on the swimmer – an external force. If friction is negligible between the swimmer and the water, she will then move in a direction opposite to the force she exerted on the side of the pool with an acceleration proportional to the force she exerted.
Cars accelerate forward by exerting backward forces on the ground. The reaction force of the ground acts as an external force on the car in the forward direction.
UNITS OF FORCE
1. Newton – is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 m/ s².
1 newton ( N ) = 1 kg-m/s²
2. Dyne – is the force required to give a mass of 1 gram an acceleration of 1 cm/ s².
1 dyne = 1 g-cm/ s²
3. Pound – is the force required to give a mass of 1 slug an acceleration of 1 ft/ s².
1 lb = 1 slug-ft/ s² = 4.448 N

WEIGHT, FRICTION, TENSION, AND OTHER CLASSES OF FORCES
The weight of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. When an object is dropped near the earth’s surface, it is accelerated by the gravitational force with an acceleration g, thus by Newton’s second law, the weight w becomes
w = mg. ==> m = w/ g

We see in this equation the relation between mass and weight : Weight is a force proportional to the mass of a body and g is the constant of proportionality. Here, g is taken to be positive, since the direction of forces are indicated with plus or minus sign. Weight depends on the location of the object, since the acceleration of gravity varies with location. As you go higher, g decreases so that weight also is decreasing. On the moon g ==> 1/6 of the earth’s g.

Center of gravity. The force of gravity on solids can be considered to act on a single point, called center of gravity (c.g.).For symmetrical objects, c.g. is at its geometric center. For asymmetrical objects, the c.g. is closer to the more massive part of the body. A closer related concept is the center of mass (c.m.), is the point at which all of the mass in a body can be considered to be located.

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. The law states that there a force of attraction between any two masses that is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.
F = G m₁ m₂/r²
where G ==> Newton’s Universal constant of gravitation
G = 6.67 x 10^–11 N.m²/kg² ,
m₁, m₂ ==> masses in kg and
r ==> distance between the centers of mass in meter.
FRICTION
Friction is any force that opposes every effort to start to slide or roll one body over another body. Frictional forces are specially important to us in our daily lives, for without them we could not walk or hold things with our hands; cars wouldn’t be able to start or stop; nails and screws would be useless. Frictional forces are not fundamental forces like gravity or electromagnetism, but arise as reaction to other applied forces. Friction is proportional to the force exerted by one substance on another perpendicular to the surface between them---that is, the normal force (perpendicular force). The mathematical expressions are :
1. f = u_kF_N , u_k==> coefficient of kinetic friction , F_N ==>Normal force
2. f = u_s F_N , u_s ==>coefficient of static friction
Equation 1 is used for the friction between moving substance and equation 2 for stationary substances.
Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force of friction f to the normal force, F_N.

PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION
1. The force of friction always act in a direction opposite to the direction of motion, for objects in
relative notion --- that is, sliding or rolling.
2. The frictional force is proportional to the normal (perpendicular ) force between the two surfaces in
contact.
3. Frictional force is approximately independent of the area of contact between the surfaces.
4. The frictional force depends on the particular material that make up the surfaces.

* Synovial fluid – a fluid which looks like blood plasma which lubricates the joints and limbs of the body.
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Walking would be impossible without friction.
2. Pulley driven machines depend on friction for their operation.
3. Friction prevents belts from slipping off their pulley.
4. Friction between the tires and the road prevents skidding of vehicles.
5. Clutch, bolts and nuts, nails, screws, matches, brakes, etc. depends on friction.

DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Wearing out of parts of machines, thus causing extra expenses for maintenance.
2. It causes expansion on machine parts and heat loses thus reducing the efficiency of machines.



TENSION
A tension is any force carried by a flexible string, rope, cable, chain, etc. Because the medium carrying the force is flexible, it can only pull and can exert no force except along its length. Tension comes from a Latin word meaning “to stretch thin”. In muscle systems the fibrous cords that carry forces exerted by muscles to other parts of the body are called tendons. Tension is due to the cohesive atomic and molecular electromagnetic forces acting in a string.
For a body suspended on a string with zero or constant speed upward or downward, the tension is given by T = w = mg. If the body accelerates downward on a string, the tension is given by T + ma = mg and if the body has an upward acceleration on a string, the tension is given by T = mg + ma.

Problems :
1. Determine the weight of a 50 kg person on earth. On the moon if g is 1/6 of the earth’s g.
2. Determine the mass of a box if a force of 80 N is able to accelerate it at 1.25 m/ s².
3. Calculate the mass of a flea in grams if its weight is 5 x 10^–6 N.
4. Find the acceleration of a rocket with mass of 1.2 x 10⁶ kg if its engine exerts a net force of 2 x 10⁶ N.
5. A 70 kg gymnast climbs on a rope. Determine the tension in the rope if
(a) he climbs at constant speed,
(b) he has an upward acceleration of 0.5 m/s² ; and
(c) he goes downward with a downward acceleration of 0.5 m/s².
6. Determine the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun and between the earth and the
moon.
m_E = 5.99 x 10²⁴ kg , m_S = 1.99 x 10³⁰ kg , m_M = 7.36 x 10²² kg
S_earth–sun = 149.6 x 10⁹ m , S_earth–moon = 3.84 x 10⁸ m , Radius of earth = 6.367 x 10⁶ m
7. A man weighs a fish of mass m on a spring scale attached to the ceiling of a elevator. Show that if the elevator accelerates in either direction , the spring scale gives a reading different from the weight of the fish. What is the reading on the scale if the elevator moves up or down at constant speed?
8. How much torque do you exert if you push perpendicularly on a door with a force of 30 N at a distance of 0.85 m from its hinges?

PHYSICS 201 ASSIGNMENT to be submitted during the Trinals

  1.  An airplane travels 640 m down the runway before taking off. If it starts from rest, accelerates and becomes airborne in 8 seconds, determine the final take – off speed.

  2.  The brakes of a truck can decelerate at 3 m/s² Determine the distance that the truck will travel before coming to a stop if it is initially moving at 28 m/s when the brakes are applied.
  3. A station wagon starting from rest is uniformly accelerated and travels 250 m in 50 seconds. Determine the average velocity the acceleration and the final velocity.
  4.  A catapult is used to launched a naval aircraft into the air. If the catapult acts over a distance of 42 m, determine the acceleration which will give the aircraft a speed of 48 m/s during launching. 

    5. Calculate your average speed if you walk 800 m with a speed of 1.5 m/s and then jog  for 1200 m with a speed of 3 m/s.

6.   A  2-g bullet is uniformly accelerated in a rifle barrel 1.2 m long. If the bullet leaves the barrel with a speed of 300 m/s , determine the acceleration and the time of travel of the bullet along the barrel.

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Physics 201 Assignment on Uniform motion

1. John normally drives on the free way between BB City and SS City at an average speed of 92 km/hr and his trip lasted for 2 hours and 45 minutes. One day, with heavy traffic slows him down and drive the same distance at an average speed of 60 km/hr only. How much longer does the trip take ?

2. A van moves with a constant speed of 6 m/s for 60 seconds, then change gear and moves along at 25 m/s for another 60 seconds. Determine the average speed for the entire 120 s trip.

3. Earthquakes produce several types of shock waves. The most well-known are the P – wave and the S – wave. In the earth’s crust, the P – wave travel at around 6.5 km/s while the S – wave move about 3.5 km/s. Actual speeds vary depending on the type of material they are going through. The time delay between the arrival of these two waves at a seismic recording station tells geologists how far away the earthquake occurred. If the time delay is 33 seconds, how far from the seismic station did the earthquake occur ?

4. Two cyclists start from a common point in the opposite direction with a speed of 15 km/hr and 21 km/hr respectively, one moving east and the other moving to the west. How many minutes will they be 27 km apart? How many How far are they after 1.5 hours?

5. It is now 2:00 PM. At what time before three o’clock will the minute hand and the hour hand become perpendicular for the first time? At what time will the minute hand overtake the hour hand?

The Nature and Cause of Motion

The Nature and Causes of MOTION

---

Motion is apparent in widely ranging phenomena, from blood cells squeezing through capillaries to planets moving across the sky. Motion is the displacement of an object with respect to objects that are at rest. Historically, motion was one of the first phenomena to be
studied carefully. Some progress was made in the understanding of motion in ancient times, particularly by the philosophers of classical Greece, but it was not until the Renaissance that the basic laws of motion were discovered.

Many individuals made important contributions, but two stand above the rest : Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) and Isaac Newton ( 1642 – 1727 ).  If Galileo’s predecessors had placed a greater value on experimentation, they might have made more progress than they did. Instead most natural philosophy was based
on logical argument and the constraining  influence of a particular school of thought. The transition that Galileo and others made from dogma to experimentation was not without pain; Galileo himself was forced by the Inquisition to recant his work and lived the last years of his life under a form of house arrest.

      The central ideas regarding motion developed by Galileo and Newton remained essentially intact until  1905, when Albert Einstein ( 1879 – 1955 ) published his paper on the theory of relativity. Even today, the classical theory of Galileo, Newton and others describes motion with extremely good precision as long as the object  being described moves slower than about 1% of the speed of light. The study of motion is kinematics, motion being the displacement of objects with respect to objects that are at rest. Kinematics comes from the Greek word kinema, meaning motion, the same root from which we get the word cinema. Kinematics describes the position and motion of objects in space as a function of time but does not consider the causes of motion. ( It deals with motion without considering the forces causing the motion ). The study of the causes of motion is dynamics which relates motion to the forces causing it and to the properties of the moving system.
      Kinematics provides the means for describing the motions of varied things as planets, golf balls, and subatomic particles. Because of its precision and generality, mathematics is the natural language for kinematics. To adequately describe motion, one must be able to say where something is located within a given reference frame. Reference frame is a physical entity, such as ground, a room or a moving car, to which we refer the position and motion of the objects.       To say that space is three dimensional, it means that three numbers are needed to completely locate the position the position of an object. A system for assigning these 3 numbers, or coordinates, to the location of a point in a reference frame is called coordinate system. Because the coordinate system is a mathematical construction, you are free to choose the system that you want, orient it as you wish, and place its origin wherever you prefer.     


TIME, DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

        Time is measured in terms of change. If nothing changes, then it is impossible to tell that time has passed. All devices that measure time measure change; i.e., days are measured are measured by the change in position of the sun in the sky, clocks measure elapsed time by the change in position of their hands.
       Displacement  is the location of an object relative to a reference point. Displacement is specified by the distance from a reference point (magnitude) and the direction to get to the present location. This implies that displacement is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction. Distance has no given direction and has only magnitude. It is a scalar quantity.
       Velocity and Speed. Speed is time rate of change of position while velocity is time rate of change of displacement. Velocity can also be describe as speed in a specific direction.

            v = Change in displacement / Change in time
                                        

 Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity or the speeding up or the slowing down of bodies in motion. Acceleration is a vector quantity and has both magnitude and direction.


   a) Positive acceleration ( acceleration,) –  the speeding up of bodies in motion ( V_f  >  V₀ ).

   b) Negative acceleration ( deceleration) –  the slowing down of bodies in motion ( V_f  <  V₀ ).
 
             Average acceleration, a = Change in velocity / Change in time  
                                                          
    Motion Equations: Refer to the derived presentation of the equations on the board during lecture.

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OUTLINE

  PHYSICS COURSE OUTLINE

 Course Requirements :

            - Quizzes

            - Reports

            - Research

            - Experiments   

                                               
Click on the side bar entitled  "FAMOUS PHYSICISTS"
and have a copy of it. This will be integrated in all our quizzes.
            

 References :

   R₁    Urone, Paul Peter . Physics with Health science Applications .New York : John Wiley and

                  Sons, 1986

  R₂    Young, Hugh D. and Freedman, Roger A. . Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with

                   Modern Physics, 11^th ed. .  Manila : Pearson Education South Asia, 2004

  R₃    Jones, Edwin and Childers, Richard .  Contemporary College Physics , 3^rd edition . Boston : 

                  McGraw Hill Book Company, 2001  

  R₄    Hewitt, Paul .  Conceptual Physics, 8^th edition . Reading, Massachusetts : Addison Wesley,

                    1998 

  R₅    Kirkpatrick, Larry and  Wheeler, Gerald .  Physics a World View, 3^rd edition . Forthworth :

                     Saunders College Publishing, 1998

  R₆    Halliday, David, Resnick, Robert and Walker, Jearl .  Fundamentals of Physics, 5^th edition .

                     New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc.  1998

  R₇    Serway, Raymond .  Physics for Scientists and Engineers .  Philadelphia : Saunders College

                      Publishing ,  1996      

Course Outline for Physics 311

I.  Introduction

   1.1  Physics in the Health Sciences

   1.2  Domains of Physics

   1.3  Models, Theories, Laws

   1.4   Mathematics – the language of Science

   1.5  Length, mass, time and the base units

   1.6  Concept of the meter, kilogram, second

II.  Motion and Forces

   2.1  Time, displacement, velocity, and acceleration

  2.2  Gravity and Free-falling bodies

   2.3  Force : the cause of acceleration

   2.4  Newton’s laws of motion

   2.5  Weight, friction, Tension;  vectors 

   2.6  Torque & rotation

   2.7  Centripetal force

III. Work, Energy, Power

   3.1  Work and energy

   3.2  Joule, erg and ft-lb

   3.3  Sources of energy

   3.4  Forms of energy

   3.5  Potential and kinetic energy

   3.6  Law of conservation of energy

   3.7  Power and efficiency

   3.8  Efficiency in Humans

IV. Temperature and Heat  

   4.1  Temperature and the states of matter

   4.2  Heat one cause of temperature change

   4.3  Change of phase and latent heat

   4.4  Heat transfer, heat and the human body

V.  Fluids and Pressure

   5.1  Pressure

   5.2  Pascal’s principle

   5.3  Buoyant force and Archimedes’ principle

   5.4  Poiseuille’s law, Laminar & turbulent flow

   5.5  Bernoulli’s principle

   5.6  Pressure in humans

   5.7  Cardiovascular system

   5.8  Physics of respiration

   5.9  Medical Instruments and devices

VI.  Elasticity and waves :  Sound and Hearing

    6.1  Hooke’s law and periodic motion

    6.2  Transverse and longitudinal waves

    6.3  Energy in waves

    6.4  Intensity, Resonance

    6.5  Doppler effect

    6.6  Hearing mechanism

    6.7  Sound perception

    6.8  Hearing loss; correction

 OUTLINE OF TOPICS for PHYSICS 201

I.  Introduction

 1.1  Physics defined  

 1.2  Domains of Physics

 1.3  Models, Theories, Laws

 1.4   Mathematics – the language of Science

 1.5  Length, mass, time and the base units

 1.6  Concept of the meter, kilogram, second

II.  Motion and Forces

 2.1  Time, displacement, velocity, and acceleration

2.2  Gravity and Free- falling bodies

 2.3  Force : the cause of acceleration

 2.4  Newton’s laws of motion

 2.5  Weight, friction, Tension;  vectors 

 2.6  Torque & rotation

 2.7  Centripetal force

III. Work, Energy, Power

 3.1  Work and energy

 3.2  Joule, erg  and  ft-lb

 3.3  Sources of energy

 3.4  Forms of energy

 3.5  Potential and kinetic energy

 3.6  Law of conservation of energy

 3.7  Power and efficiency

 3.8  Efficiency in Humans

IV.  Impulse, Momentum  and Torque

4.1  Impulse, Momentum

4.2  Elastic and semi-elastic collisions

4.3  Perfectly inelastic collision

4.4  Torque and lever arm 

4..5  Second condition for equilibrium 

V.  Circular Motion, Gravitation and Harmonic Motion

 5.1  Circular motion and rotational motion

 5.2  Simple harmonic motion ( SHM )

 5.3  Period and frequency

 5.4  Period of a vibrating spring

 5.5  Period of a swinging pendulum

 5.6  Newton’s law of universal gravitation

VI. Temperature and  Heat  

 6.1  Temperature and the states of matter

 6.2  Heat one cause of temperature change

 6.3  Change of phase and latent heat

 6.4  Heat transfer, heat and the human body

VII.  Fluids and Pressure

 7.1  Pressure

 7.2  Pascal’s principle

 7.3  Buoyant force and Archimedes’ principle

 7.4  Poiseuille’s law, Laminar & turbulent flow

 7.5  Bernoulli’s principle

 7.6  Pressure in humans

 7.7  Cardiovascular system

 7.8  Physics of respiration

 7.9  Medical Instruments and devices

VIII.  Elasticity and waves :  Sound and Hearing

   8.1  Hooke’s law and periodic motion

   8.2  Transverse and longitudinal waves

   8.3  Energy in waves

   8.4  Intensity, Resonance

   8.5  Doppler effect

   8.6  Hearing mechanism

   8.7  Sound perception

   8.8  Hearing loss; correction

INTRODUCTION



Physics is a major science, dealing with the systematic study of the basic properties of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the results produced by these forces. Physics is closely related to the other natural sciences and, in a sense, encompasses them. Chemistry, for example deals with the interaction of atoms to form molecules. Much of modern geology is largely a study of the physics of the earth and is known as geophysics. Astronomy deals with the physics of the stars and outer space. Even living systems are made up of fundamental particles and, as studied in biophysics and biochemistry, they follow the same type of laws as the simpler particles traditionally studied by a physicist.

The emphasis on the interaction between particles in modern physics, known as the microscopic approach, must often be supplemented by a macroscopic approach that deals with larger elements or systems of particles. This macroscopic approach is indispensable to the application of physics to much of modern technology. Thermodynamics, a branch of physics developed in the 19th century, deals with the elucidation and measurement of properties of a system as a whole and remains useful in other fields of physics; it also forms the basis of much of chemical and mechanical engineering. Such properties as the temperature, pressure and volume of a gas have no meaning for an individual atom or molecule; these thermodynamic concepts can only be applied directly to a very large system of such particles. A bridge exists, however, between the microscopic and macroscopic approach; another branch of physics; known as statistical mechanics, indicates how pressure and temperature can be related to the motion of atoms and molecules on a statistical basis.

Physics emerged as a separate science only in the early 19th century, until that time a physicist was often also a mathematician, philosopher, chemist, biologist, engineer, or even primarily a political leader or an artist. Today, the field has grown to such an extent that with few exceptions modern physicists have to limit their attention to one or two branches of the science. Once the fundamental aspects of a new field are discovered and understood, they become the domain of engineers and other applied scientist. The 19th century discoveries in electricity and magnetism, for example, are now the concentrations of electrical and communication engineers; the properties of matter discovered at the beginning of the 20th century have been applied in electronics; and the discoveries of nuclear physics, have passed into the hands of nuclear engineers for applications to peaceful or military uses.

MATHEMATICS as a language of science

Mathematics is the language of physics; that is when ideas in science are expressed in mathematical terms:
1. They are unambiguous.
2. They do not have double meanings, that so often confuse the discussion of ideas expressed in common language.
3. They are easier to verify or disprove by experiment.
4. The methods of mathematics and experimentation led to enormous success in science.
5. The abstract mathematics developed by mathematicians is often years later found to be the exact language by which nature can be described.

Mathematics is the language of physics does not mean that mathematics is physics or physics is mathematics.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD – is a method that is extremely effective in gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. The steps are :

1. Recognize a problem.
2. Make an educated guess --- a hypothesis. Hypothesis is an educate guess that is only considered factual after it has been demonstrated by experiments. If a hypothesis has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted it may become known as a law or principle.
3. Predict the consequences of the hypothesis
4. Perform experiments to test predictions.
5. Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the three main ingredients --- hypothesis, prediction, and experimental outcome --- into a theory.

The success of science has more to do with an attitude common to scientists than with a particular method. This attitude is one of inquiry, observation, experimentation and humility.

THE DOMAIN OF PHYSICS

A. According to size of objects studied
1. Quantum domain – the domain of small objects. Objects are considered small if their sizes are comparable to or smaller than the size of an atom.

2. Non-quantum domain – the domain of large objects. Objects are considered large if they are larger than the size of an atom.

B. According to speed of objects studied

1. Relativistic domain – the domain at high speed, that is if the speed of the moving object is comparable to the speed of light.

2. Non-relativistic domain – the domain at low speed, that is the speed of the moving object is less than the speed of light.

C. Newtonian domain – a combination of the division according to size and speed. It is the domain of large objects at low speeds, the one we deal in our daily lives. (In honor of Sir Isaac Newton, the 17th century physicist who played the key role in developing the physics of large objects moving at low speed).

D. Mechanics – is the study of the relation between the force and the resulting motion. It seeks to account

quantitatively for the motion of objects having given properties in terms of the force acting on them.

1. Newtonian mechanics – is the mechanics of the Newtonian domain. It deals with systems containing

objects which are large and which move at low speed.

2. Relativistic mechanics – is the mechanics of the relativistic domain. In 1905, Einstein showed that a different approach was necessary for the study of objects moving at speeds so high as to be comparable to the speed of light.

3. Quantum mechanics – is the mechanics of the quantum domain. It was developed about the same time

with relativistic mechanics by Max Planck, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger and others. They found out that the Newtonian mechanics could not explain the motion of objects whose size is in the atomic scale or smaller.

E. Electromagnetism – is the study of the properties and consequences of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the fundamental forces in nature. The fundamental forces are gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force.

F. Solid-state physics is a branch of physics that deals with the properties of solids. A particular problem in solid – state physics, for instance the properties of materials use in transistors, is solve by employing the mechanics of whichever domain is most appropriate.

G. Heat and Thermodynamics

THE FUNDAMENTAL MEASURABLE QUANTITIES IN PHYSICS

1. Length 3. Time 5. Luminous intensity 7. Molecular quantity

2. Mass 4. Temperature 6. Electric charge ( current )

THE FUNDAMENTAL MEASURABLE QUNATITIES IN MECHANICS

1. Length 2. Mass 3. Time

Measurement is a scientific comparison between an unknown quantity to a fixed known quantity called standard.

Systems of Measurement

1. English system (British Engineering system) – originated in England
2. Metric system – originated in France

Systeme International d’Unites ( SI ) adopted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in 1960.

The units of the MKS is adopted as the base units of the SI system.

Base Units of each System of measurement

Measurable Quantities in Mechanics Metric System English System

CGS MKS FPS

Length Centimeter ( cm ) Meter ( m ) Foot ( ft )
Mass Gram ( g ) Kilogram (kg ) Slug ( lbm )
Time Second ( s ) Second ( s ) Second ( s )

Reasons for adopting the Metric system:
1. It is scientifically planned.
2. It is a decimal system.
3. It is universally accepted.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE ENGLISH SYSTEM

1 yard = ( King Henry I ) distance from the tip of his nose to the end of his thumb
1 inch ( 1324 ) = length of three grains of barleycorns laid end to end
1 mile = 1000 double step of an average soldier
1 foot = length of the foot of the king

THE CONCEPT OF THE METER

To be discuss in class with demonstrations