Wednesday, May 18, 2011
Thursday, January 27, 2011
CADUNGOG-NADELA RONDALLA
CADUNGOG-NADELA RONDALLA ORCHESTRA
HALAD SA SANTO NIÑO 2011
Harmonico Tayong Cadungog - banjo, saxophone
Quintiliano Cadungog Nadela - banduria, trumpet
Fortunato Cadungog Nadela - trumpet
Alfonso Nadela Ondoy, Jr - Saxophone
Aurelio Ferolin Cadungog - tenor
Victoriano Nadela - banduria
Marcelino Apag - Guitar
Boy Omotong - Bass
Monday, January 10, 2011
LANGUAGE 102 : VERBS and COUNTING
According to the English grammar, any kind of verb has its own conjugation in the sentence such as :
In Nihongo, all verbs have their own conjugations, too. Most of the
common verbs have the letter “u” at the end of the word, such as “iku”.
When the verb is used in the sentence, the letter “u” can get each
conjugation depending on the use in the sentence. English and Japanese
grammars are similar to each other when it comes to adjectives and
adverbs. Adjectives modifying nouns become complements in the sentence
and adverbs modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.
In the example, “to Midsayap” is written after the verb “goes” but
“Midsayap e” is written before the verb “ikimasu”. Japanese adverbs
should be placed before the modified words.
1. Tanaka-san wa Cotabato e ikimashita. Mr. Tanaka went to Cotabato.
2. Kare wa gakkoo e ikimasen deshita. He did not go to school.
3. Anata wa sakki doko e ikimashita ka. Where did you go a while ago?
4. Watashi wa doko emo ikimasen deshita. I didn’t go anywhere.
5. Anata wa doko e ikimasu ka. Where will you go? (do you go)
6. Utto-san wa Davao e ikimasen. Mr. Utto will not go to Davao.
7. Watashi wa Baguer e ikimasu. I go to Baguer.
In Japanese as in other languages, there are regular and irregular
verbs. However, irregular verbs are very few in number – only two
basic verbs in all. All the rest of the verbs are regular with
exception of a few which are slightly irregular in some respects.
The Japanese verbs are of two kinds – “Godan” verbs and “ichidan”
verbs. The “godan” verbs, literally five row verbs, are so called
because they have different bases of conjugation. They are sometimes
called strong verbs or consonant verbs. The “ichidan” verbs,
literally one row verbs, are so called because they have been thought
to have only one base of conjugation. They are sometimes called weak
verbs or vowel verbs.
The dictionary form of all “ichidan” verbs ends either in “iru” or
“eru”. All other regular verbs belong to the “godan” verbs with few
exceptions. The following verbs ends in “eru” or “iru” but they are
“godan” verbs ; hairu; kaeru; mairu; iru; kiru and shiru.
Some common verbs
Group 1 (Godan verbs) Ends in u,ku,gu,su,tsu,nu,bu,mu and ru.
-– replace final u with imasu
1. nomu – to drink
2. yomu – to read
3. kau – to buy
4. narau – to learn
5. kaku – to write
6. isogu – to hurry
7. morau – to receive; be given
8. aruku – to walk
9. hairu – to enter, get in
10. okuru – to send
11. kiru – to cut ; to wear
12. hanasu – to speak
13. iku – to go
14. oyogu – to swim
15. wakaru – to understand; to be comprehensible
16. kaesu – to return something; to give back
17. toru – to take
18. kaeru – to return
19. mairu – to come, go
20. matsu – to wait
21. shinu – to die
22. aru – to be ; exist
23. asobu – to play
24. machigau – to make a mistake
25. kasu – to lend
26. tsukau – to use
27. ageru – to give, to offer
28. taberu – to eat
29. iru – to need; to require
Group 2 (Ichidan verbs) replace the final ru with masu.
1. okiru – to get up ; to wake up
2. oshieru – to teach
3. miseru – to show , to let someone see
4. hajimeru – to begin
5. akeru – to open
6. neru – to sleep ; to go to sleep
7. wasureru – to forget
8. miru – to see ; to watch ; to look at
9. shimeru – to shut
Group 3 (Irregular verbs)
1. kuru – to come
2. suru – to do
3. itte kuru – to go and come back
4. katte kuru – to go and buy
5. kiite kuru – to go and inquire
6. totte kuru – to fetch
7. motte kuru – to bring
8. mite kuru – to go and see
9. karite kuru – to go and borrow
10. chumon suru – to order; to give an order
11. ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
12. sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
13. benkyo suru – to study; to work
New words
1. riyu – a reason
2. imi – meaning
3. koppu – a glass; tumbler
4. kotoba –a word;a language
5. machi – a town;a street
6. yane – roof
7. tarai – basin
8. ame – rain
9. shiyakusho –City hall
10. chawan – cup
11. saji – a spoon
12. banjo – toilet
13. dempo - telegram
14. kagi – key
15. hari – needles
16. tamago – eggs
17. denwa – telephone
18. tama – ball
19. ana – hole
20. fujin – lady
21. gohan – meal
22. bara – rose
23. nezumi – mouse
24. koori – ice
25. sakki – a while ago
26. doko emo – anywhere
27. doko nimo – nowhere
28. depaato – department
29. yuubinkyoku– post office
30. shokudoo – dining room
31. kado – corner
32. kusuriya – drugstore
33. Rizal kooen – Rizal Park
34. Santiago Yoosai–Fort Santiago
35. ginkoo – bank
36. shootengai–shopping district
37. taiikukan – gymnasium
38. keibajoo – horse racing track
39. teiryuujoo–stopping place,bus stop
40. Kokunai kuukoo – Domestic Airport
41. shoogakkoo – elementary school
42. taishikan – embassy
43. hakubutsukan – museum
44. Monbushoo – Ministry of Education
45. kootoogakkoo – senior high school
46. toshokan – library
47. chuugakkoo – junior high school
48. kissaten – coffee shop
49. eigakan – movie theater
50. asoko – over there
51. soko – there
52. koko – here
53. resutoran – restaurant
54. toire – comfort room
55. juutakuchi – residential area
56. rajio kasetto – radio cassette
57. suupaamaaketto – supermarket
58. eki – station
59. yomikata– reading;how to read
60. ichiba – market ( place )
61. Bunka Kaikan – Cultural Center
62. Kokusai kuukoo – International Airport
63. nyuugaku shaken – entrance examination
64. Nihon taishikan – Embassy of Japan
65. Gaimushoo – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
66. daigakusei – university student
67. gimukyooiku – compulsory education
68. daigaku – university / college
69. Kokusai kaigijoo – International Convention Center
Nani ga is use as a subject, nani mo is use with negative
expressions.
Ya – ya and to are different in what they imply; i. e.
Anata to watashi == you and I
Anata ya watashi == you and I and other people like us.
Nado – and so forth; and the like; and so on.
Nado is used as a final element in enumerating.
Ex. Hon ya jibiki ya empitsu nado ga arimasu
==> There are books, dictionaries pencils and the like.
Expression of Existence
a) Ga arimasu – is used inanimate things
(things which cannot move by itself)
b) Ga imasu – is used for animate things.
1. Nani ka arimasu ka.
-- Is there anything?(inanimate object)
2. Nani ga arimasu ka.
-- What is there?(inanimate object)
3. Nani mo arimasen.
-- There is nothing.
4. Nani ka imasu ka.
-- Is there one?(living object)
5. Dare ka imasu ka.
-- Is there anybody?
6. Dare ga imasu ka.
-- Who is there? (people only)
7. Iie, nani mo arimasen.
-- No, there is nothing.(inanimate object)
8. Iie, dare mo imasen
-- No, there is nobody. (people only)
9. Nani ga imasu ka.
-- What is there? (animate object)
Sentences :
1. Anatagata no gakkoo wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is your school ?
2. Watashi no gakkoo wa Nihon Taishikan no soba ni arimasu.
-- Our school is beside the Japnese embassy.
3. Rustan depaato wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is Rustan department store ?
4. Intercontinental Hoteru no mae ni arimasu.
-- It is in front of Intercontinental hotel.
5. Taishikan no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka.
-- What is beside the embassy ?
6. Ginkko ya depaato ya suupaamaketto nado ga arimasu.
-- There are banks, department store,supermarket and others.
7. Kusuriya mo arimasu ka.
-- Is there a drugstore too ?
8. Iie, kusuriya wa arimasen.
-- No, there is no drugstore.
9. Anata no uchi wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is your house ?
10. Watashi no uchi wa Tokyoo ni arimasu.
-- My house in in Tokyo.
11. Tokyoo no doko ni arimasu.
-- Where is it in Tokyo ?
12. Tokyoo no Meguro ni arimasu.
-- It is in Meguro, Tokyo.
13. Meguro yuubinkyoku no chikaku desu.
-- It is near the Meguro post office.
14. Sato-san wa doko ni imasu ka.
-- Where is Mr. Sato ?
15. Toire wa asoko ni arimasu.
-- The comfort room is over there.
Numerals and Counting
Rudiments of Japanese counting : Native Japanese counting system
Chinese Counting system used by the Japanese
Numeral Classifiers or Counters
1. nin – for persons
2. wa – for birds
3. hiki – for animals and fish
4. hon – for long or cylindrical objects
5. hai – for cupfuls, containerful
6. mai – for flat things
7. tsu – for pairs
8. en – suffix for Japanese money
9. dai – for vehicles
10. ken – for houses and buildings
11. choo – for things with handles
12. soku – for things worn on feet,
pairs of footwears
13. soo – for ships or boats
14. kai – for number of times,
classifier for floors or storeys
15. ko – for bundles, parcels
Days of the week :
1. Nichiyoobi – Sunday
2. Getsuyoobi – Monday
3. Kayoobi – Tuesday
4. Suiyoobi – Wednesday
5. Mokuyoobi – Thursday
6. Kinyoobi – Friday
7. Doyoobi – Saturday
Months of the Year :
1. ichigatsu – January
2. nigatsu – February
3. sangatsu – March
4. shigatsu – April
5. gogatsu – May
6. rokugatsu – June
7. shichigatsu – July
8. hachigatsu – August
9. kugatsu – September
10. juugatsu – October
11. juuicjigatsu – November
12. juunigatsu – December
Counting People
1. hitori – one
2. futari – two
3. sannin – three
4. yunin – four
5. gonin – five
6. rokunin – six
7. sichinin – seven
8. hachinin – eight
9. kyuunin – nine
10. juunin – ten
Counting in multiples of ten
10 – juu
20 – nijuu
30 – sanjuu
40 – yonjuu
50 – gojuu
60 – rokujuu
70 - nanajuu
80 - hachijuu
90 – kyuujuu
100 – hyaku
Counting in multiples of one hundred
100 – hyaku
200 – nihyaku
300 – sanhyaku
400 – yonhyaku
500 – gohyaku
600 – roppyhaku
700 – nanahyaku
800 – happyaku
900 – kyuuhyaku
1000 – sen
Counting in multiples of one thousand
1,000 – sen
2,000 – nisen
3,000 – sanzen
4,000 – yonsen
5,000 – gosen
6,000 – rokusen
7,000 – nanasen
8,000 – hassen
9,000 – kyuusen
10,000 – ichiman
100,000 – juuman
1,000,000 – hyakuman
10,000,000 – senman
100,000,000– ichioku
How to tell the time?
1. ichiji – 1 o’clock
2. niji – 2 o’clock
3. sanji – 3 o’clock
4. yoji – 4 o’clock
5. goji – 5 o’clock
6. rokuji – 6 o’clock
7. shichiji – 7 o’clock
8. hachiji – 8 o’clock
9. kuji – 9 o’clock
10. juuji – 10 o’clock
11. juuichiji – 11 o’clock
12. juuniji – 12 o’clock
“ji” – means o’clock and “nanji” means what time?
Counter for number of minutes:
“fun” or “pun” is the numeral classifier for minute
and “nanpun” means “how many minutes”
1. ippun – 1 minute
2. nifun – 2 minutes
3. sanpun – 3 minutes
4. yonfun – 4 minutes
5. gofun – 5 minutes
6. roppun – 6 minutes
7. nanafun – 7 minutes
8. happun – 8 minutes
9. kyuufun – 9 minutes
10.juppun – 10 minutes
11. juugofun – 15 minutes
12. nijuppun – 20 minutes
13. nijuugofun – 25 minutes
14. sanjuppun – 30 minutes
15. sanjuugofun – 35 minutes
16. yojuppun – 40 minutes
17. yonjuugofun – 45 minutes
18. gojuppun – 50 minutes
19. gojuugofun – 55 minutes
20. rokujuppun – 60 minutes
Examples :
8:15 – hachiji juugofun
10:20 – juuji nijuppun
11:45 – juuichiji yonjuugofun
12:10 – juuniji juppun
9:10 – kuji juppun
3:35 – sanji sanjuugofun
2:25 – niji nijuugofun
1:30 – ichiji han
5:30 – goji han
4:30 – yoji han
5 minutes before three
– sanji gofun mae
10 minutes before 12
– juuniji juppun mae
15 minutes before 10
– juuji juugofun mae
5 minutes past 9
– kuji gofun sungi.
10 minutes past 12
– juuniji juppun sugi.
It’s 5 minutes advanced
– gofun susundeimasu
It’s 10 minutes advanced
– juppun susundeimasu
It’s 20 minutes advanced
– Nijuppun susundeimasu
It’s 5 minutes late.
– gofun okureteimasu.
It’s 10 minutes late.
– juppun okureteimasu.
NOTES:
susudeimasu – means “It’s advanced”.
okurete – means “it’s late”
7:30 AM – gozen shichiji han 4:30 PM – gogo yoji han
11:30 AM – gozen juuichiji han 5:30 PM – gogo goji han
from 8:00 to 5:00 – hachiji kara goji made
from 10:30 in the morning to 9:00 in the evening
– asa juuji han kara yoru kuji made
Dialogue I (taiwa)
A: Ima nanji desu ka.
What time is it now?
B: Rokuji desu.
It’s six o’clock.
A: Nihon wa ima nanji desu ka.
What time is it now in Japan?
B: Kuji desu.
It’s nine o’clock.
A: Gogo kuji desu ka.
Is it 9 PM ?
B: Hai, soo desu.
Yes it is.
Dialogue II
A: Sumimasen, nanji desu ka ?
Excuse me, what time is it?
B: Yoji nijuupun desu.
It’s four twenty.
A: Arigatoo gozaimasu.
Thank you.
B: Doo itashimashite.
You’re welcome.
Days of the Month
tsuitachi – 1st day
futsuka – 2nd day
mikka – 3rd day
yokka – 4th day
itsuka – 5th day
muika – 6th day
nanoka – 7th day
yooka – 8th day
kokonoka – 9th day
tooka – 10th day
juuichinichi – 11th day
juuninichi – 12th day
juusannichi – 13th day
juuyokka – 14th day
juugonichi – 15th day
juurokunichi – 16th day
juushichinichi – 17th day
juuhachinichi – 18th day
juukunichi – 19th day
hatsuka – 20th day
nijuuichinichi – 21st day
nijuuninichi – 22nd day
nijuusannichi – 23rd day
nijuuyokka – 24th day
nijuugonichi – 25th day
nijuurokunichi – 26th day
nijuushichinichi – 27th day
nijuuhachinichi – 28th day
nijuukunichi – 29th day
sanjuunichi – 30th day
sanjuuichinichi – 31st day
Vocabulary words:
takusan – many, a lot, plenty
ten–in – sales clerk
peso – peso
doru – dollar
sangurasu – sunglasses
koohii – coffee
ocha – green tea
koocha – black tea
miruku – milk
koora – coke
biiru – beer
pan – bread
gohan – rice ( cooked )
mizu – water
juusu – juice
choodo – exactly ; just
yoru – night; evening
kara – from
made – until ; up to
susundeimasu – advanced/ be too fast
okureteimasu – late / be too slow
hiru – afternoon
shoogo – noon
kinoo – yesterday
ashita – tomorrow
konban – tonight
asatte – the day after tomorrow
tokidoki – sometimes
sengetsu – last month
konshuu – this week
raishuu – next week
kyonen – last year
nin – numeral classifier for persons. It is added to
the Chinese-style numerals.
ikutsu – how many ( inquire about the number of things);
how old ( inquire about somebody’s age )
mise – store; shop
nannin – how many (persons)
Ikura – how much
kippu – ticket
tamago – egg
Nihon ryoori – Japanese food
Chuuka ryoori – Chinese food
Firipin ryoori – Filipino food
Kankoku ryoori – Korean food
Kaisen ryoori – seafoods
ebi – fish
sakana – fish
yasai – vegetables
niku – meat
ima – now
asa – morning
mae – before
sugi – past
han – half past
ji – o’clock
pun/ fun – minute
tokei – watch; clock
atteimasu – right; keep good time
kyoo – today
yuube – last night
ototoi – the day before yesterday
mainichi – everyday
kongetsu – this month
raigetsu – next month
senshuu – last week
kotoshi – this month
rainen – next year
Sentences :
1. Anata wa nani o nomimasu ka.
-- What do you drink?
2. Watashi wa koocha o nomimasu.
-- I drink tea.
3. Anata wa biiru o nomimasu ka.
-- Do you drink beer?
4. Hai, biiru o nomimasu.
-- Yes, I drink beer.
5. Anata wa doo desu ka.
-- How about you ?
6. Watashi mo biiru o nomimasu.
-- I drink beer, too.
7. I eat Japanese food.
-- Watashi wa Nihon ryoori o tabemasu.
8. She doesn’t eat Chinese food.
-- Kanojo wa Chuuka ryoori o tabemasen.
AI NI TSUITE (ABOUT LOVE)
1. ai suru – to love
2. honto ni – truly
3. ai – love
4. eien ni – forever
5. watashi aishiteimasu ka – do you love me
6. deto – date
7. koi ni chiru – fall in love
8. kudoku – woe
9. hatsukoi – first love
10. kokorogawari nai – will never change
11. Aishiteimasu – I love you
12. rabureta – love letter
13. konyaku – engagement
14. kisu – kiss
15. daku – hug
16. aibu – caress
17. yakimochi – jealous
18. ki ga au – compatible
19. ki ga awa nai – incompatible
20. yakusoka – promise
21. aishiau – love each other
22. aishiaimasho – let us love each other
23. kekkon shimasho – let us get married
24. aishimasho – let us make love
25. shinkon ryoko - honeymoon
26. uwaki – unfaithful
27. wakareru – break-up / separate
28. rikon suru – divorce
29. kinenbi – anniversary
30. tanoshimimasu – enjoy
31. funo – impotent
32. dosei suru – live together out of wedlock
33. ai no monogatari – love story
34. konyakusha/ koibito – sweetheart
35. konyakuchu no otoko – fiance ( nobyo )
36. konyakuchu no onna – fiancée ( nobya )
37. Shinumade hanasanai – Till Death do us part
38. renai kankei – love affair
39. joji – romance
40. koi wazurai – love-sick
41. iro jikake – fake love
42. renai kekkon – love marriage
43. miai kekkon – arranged marriage
44. au basho – meeting place
45. kekkon mae no sekkus – premarital sex
46. ninshin – pregnant
47. ryuzan – abortion
48. akachan o orosu – miscarriage
49. aibiki – secret rendezvous
go goes went gone going (root) (present) (past) (past particle) (present participle) iku – to go PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE Affirmative Negative Interrogative ikimasu ikimasen ikimasu ka PAST TENSE PAST TENSE PAST TENSE Affirmative Negative Interrogative ikimashita ikimasen deshita ikimashita ka mashoo – (lets) nasai – (order form)
In Nihongo, all verbs have their own conjugations, too. Most of the
common verbs have the letter “u” at the end of the word, such as “iku”.
When the verb is used in the sentence, the letter “u” can get each
conjugation depending on the use in the sentence. English and Japanese
grammars are similar to each other when it comes to adjectives and
adverbs. Adjectives modifying nouns become complements in the sentence
and adverbs modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.
Kare wa Midsayap e (ni) ikimasu. He goes to Midsayap. S V S V adverb
In the example, “to Midsayap” is written after the verb “goes” but
“Midsayap e” is written before the verb “ikimasu”. Japanese adverbs
should be placed before the modified words.
1. Tanaka-san wa Cotabato e ikimashita. Mr. Tanaka went to Cotabato.
2. Kare wa gakkoo e ikimasen deshita. He did not go to school.
3. Anata wa sakki doko e ikimashita ka. Where did you go a while ago?
4. Watashi wa doko emo ikimasen deshita. I didn’t go anywhere.
5. Anata wa doko e ikimasu ka. Where will you go? (do you go)
6. Utto-san wa Davao e ikimasen. Mr. Utto will not go to Davao.
7. Watashi wa Baguer e ikimasu. I go to Baguer.
In Japanese as in other languages, there are regular and irregular
verbs. However, irregular verbs are very few in number – only two
basic verbs in all. All the rest of the verbs are regular with
exception of a few which are slightly irregular in some respects.
The Japanese verbs are of two kinds – “Godan” verbs and “ichidan”
verbs. The “godan” verbs, literally five row verbs, are so called
because they have different bases of conjugation. They are sometimes
called strong verbs or consonant verbs. The “ichidan” verbs,
literally one row verbs, are so called because they have been thought
to have only one base of conjugation. They are sometimes called weak
verbs or vowel verbs.
The dictionary form of all “ichidan” verbs ends either in “iru” or
“eru”. All other regular verbs belong to the “godan” verbs with few
exceptions. The following verbs ends in “eru” or “iru” but they are
“godan” verbs ; hairu; kaeru; mairu; iru; kiru and shiru.
Some common verbs
Group 1 (Godan verbs) Ends in u,ku,gu,su,tsu,nu,bu,mu and ru.
-– replace final u with imasu
1. nomu – to drink
2. yomu – to read
3. kau – to buy
4. narau – to learn
5. kaku – to write
6. isogu – to hurry
7. morau – to receive; be given
8. aruku – to walk
9. hairu – to enter, get in
10. okuru – to send
11. kiru – to cut ; to wear
12. hanasu – to speak
13. iku – to go
14. oyogu – to swim
15. wakaru – to understand; to be comprehensible
16. kaesu – to return something; to give back
17. toru – to take
18. kaeru – to return
19. mairu – to come, go
20. matsu – to wait
21. shinu – to die
22. aru – to be ; exist
23. asobu – to play
24. machigau – to make a mistake
25. kasu – to lend
26. tsukau – to use
27. ageru – to give, to offer
28. taberu – to eat
29. iru – to need; to require
Group 2 (Ichidan verbs) replace the final ru with masu.
1. okiru – to get up ; to wake up
2. oshieru – to teach
3. miseru – to show , to let someone see
4. hajimeru – to begin
5. akeru – to open
6. neru – to sleep ; to go to sleep
7. wasureru – to forget
8. miru – to see ; to watch ; to look at
9. shimeru – to shut
Group 3 (Irregular verbs)
1. kuru – to come
2. suru – to do
3. itte kuru – to go and come back
4. katte kuru – to go and buy
5. kiite kuru – to go and inquire
6. totte kuru – to fetch
7. motte kuru – to bring
8. mite kuru – to go and see
9. karite kuru – to go and borrow
10. chumon suru – to order; to give an order
11. ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
12. sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
13. benkyo suru – to study; to work
Dictionary form Present tense Past tense nomu nomimasu nomimashita kasu kashimasu kashimashita aruku arukimasu arukimashita Present negative Past negative Meaning nomimasen nomimasen deshita drink kashimasen kashimasen deshita lend arukimasen arukimasen deshita walk
New words
1. riyu – a reason
2. imi – meaning
3. koppu – a glass; tumbler
4. kotoba –a word;a language
5. machi – a town;a street
6. yane – roof
7. tarai – basin
8. ame – rain
9. shiyakusho –City hall
10. chawan – cup
11. saji – a spoon
12. banjo – toilet
13. dempo - telegram
14. kagi – key
15. hari – needles
16. tamago – eggs
17. denwa – telephone
18. tama – ball
19. ana – hole
20. fujin – lady
21. gohan – meal
22. bara – rose
23. nezumi – mouse
24. koori – ice
25. sakki – a while ago
26. doko emo – anywhere
27. doko nimo – nowhere
28. depaato – department
29. yuubinkyoku– post office
30. shokudoo – dining room
31. kado – corner
32. kusuriya – drugstore
33. Rizal kooen – Rizal Park
34. Santiago Yoosai–Fort Santiago
35. ginkoo – bank
36. shootengai–shopping district
37. taiikukan – gymnasium
38. keibajoo – horse racing track
39. teiryuujoo–stopping place,bus stop
40. Kokunai kuukoo – Domestic Airport
41. shoogakkoo – elementary school
42. taishikan – embassy
43. hakubutsukan – museum
44. Monbushoo – Ministry of Education
45. kootoogakkoo – senior high school
46. toshokan – library
47. chuugakkoo – junior high school
48. kissaten – coffee shop
49. eigakan – movie theater
50. asoko – over there
51. soko – there
52. koko – here
53. resutoran – restaurant
54. toire – comfort room
55. juutakuchi – residential area
56. rajio kasetto – radio cassette
57. suupaamaaketto – supermarket
58. eki – station
59. yomikata– reading;how to read
60. ichiba – market ( place )
61. Bunka Kaikan – Cultural Center
62. Kokusai kuukoo – International Airport
63. nyuugaku shaken – entrance examination
64. Nihon taishikan – Embassy of Japan
65. Gaimushoo – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
66. daigakusei – university student
67. gimukyooiku – compulsory education
68. daigaku – university / college
69. Kokusai kaigijoo – International Convention Center
Nani ka Nani ga Nani mo
Nani ga is use as a subject, nani mo is use with negative
expressions.
Ya – ya and to are different in what they imply; i. e.
Anata to watashi == you and I
Anata ya watashi == you and I and other people like us.
Nado – and so forth; and the like; and so on.
Nado is used as a final element in enumerating.
Ex. Hon ya jibiki ya empitsu nado ga arimasu
==> There are books, dictionaries pencils and the like.
Expression of Existence
a) Ga arimasu – is used inanimate things
(things which cannot move by itself)
b) Ga imasu – is used for animate things.
1. Nani ka arimasu ka.
-- Is there anything?(inanimate object)
2. Nani ga arimasu ka.
-- What is there?(inanimate object)
3. Nani mo arimasen.
-- There is nothing.
4. Nani ka imasu ka.
-- Is there one?(living object)
5. Dare ka imasu ka.
-- Is there anybody?
6. Dare ga imasu ka.
-- Who is there? (people only)
7. Iie, nani mo arimasen.
-- No, there is nothing.(inanimate object)
8. Iie, dare mo imasen
-- No, there is nobody. (people only)
9. Nani ga imasu ka.
-- What is there? (animate object)
Sentences :
1. Anatagata no gakkoo wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is your school ?
2. Watashi no gakkoo wa Nihon Taishikan no soba ni arimasu.
-- Our school is beside the Japnese embassy.
3. Rustan depaato wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is Rustan department store ?
4. Intercontinental Hoteru no mae ni arimasu.
-- It is in front of Intercontinental hotel.
5. Taishikan no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka.
-- What is beside the embassy ?
6. Ginkko ya depaato ya suupaamaketto nado ga arimasu.
-- There are banks, department store,supermarket and others.
7. Kusuriya mo arimasu ka.
-- Is there a drugstore too ?
8. Iie, kusuriya wa arimasen.
-- No, there is no drugstore.
9. Anata no uchi wa doko ni arimasu ka.
-- Where is your house ?
10. Watashi no uchi wa Tokyoo ni arimasu.
-- My house in in Tokyo.
11. Tokyoo no doko ni arimasu.
-- Where is it in Tokyo ?
12. Tokyoo no Meguro ni arimasu.
-- It is in Meguro, Tokyo.
13. Meguro yuubinkyoku no chikaku desu.
-- It is near the Meguro post office.
14. Sato-san wa doko ni imasu ka.
-- Where is Mr. Sato ?
15. Toire wa asoko ni arimasu.
-- The comfort room is over there.
Numerals and Counting
Rudiments of Japanese counting : Native Japanese counting system
Hitotsu – one Futatsu – two Mittsu – Three Yottsu – four Itsutsu – five muttsu – six nanatsu – seven yattsu – eight kokonotsu – nine too – ten
Chinese Counting system used by the Japanese
rei – zero ( 0 ) Ichi – one ( 1 ) Ni – two ( 2 ) San – three ( 3 ) Shi/yon – four ( 4 ) Go – five ( 5 ) roku – six ( 6 ) shichi/nana – seven ( 7 ) hachi – eight ( 8 ) kyuu – nine ( 9 ) juu – ten ( 10 ) juuichi – eleven juuni – twelve juusan – thirteen juushi,etc, – fourteen , etc. nijuu – twenty nijuuichi – twenty one nijuuni – twenty two nijuusan – twenty three nijuusan – twenty three nijuushi,etc.– twenty four, etc. sanju – thirty sanjuu-ichi – thirty one yonjuu – forty yonjuu-ichi – forty one guu/ gojuu – fifty gojuu-ichi – fifty one hyaku – one hundred nihyaku – two hundred sen – one thousand juuman – one hundred thousand
Numeral Classifiers or Counters
1. nin – for persons
2. wa – for birds
3. hiki – for animals and fish
4. hon – for long or cylindrical objects
5. hai – for cupfuls, containerful
6. mai – for flat things
7. tsu – for pairs
8. en – suffix for Japanese money
9. dai – for vehicles
10. ken – for houses and buildings
11. choo – for things with handles
12. soku – for things worn on feet,
pairs of footwears
13. soo – for ships or boats
14. kai – for number of times,
classifier for floors or storeys
15. ko – for bundles, parcels
Days of the week :
1. Nichiyoobi – Sunday
2. Getsuyoobi – Monday
3. Kayoobi – Tuesday
4. Suiyoobi – Wednesday
5. Mokuyoobi – Thursday
6. Kinyoobi – Friday
7. Doyoobi – Saturday
Months of the Year :
1. ichigatsu – January
2. nigatsu – February
3. sangatsu – March
4. shigatsu – April
5. gogatsu – May
6. rokugatsu – June
7. shichigatsu – July
8. hachigatsu – August
9. kugatsu – September
10. juugatsu – October
11. juuicjigatsu – November
12. juunigatsu – December
Counting People
1. hitori – one
2. futari – two
3. sannin – three
4. yunin – four
5. gonin – five
6. rokunin – six
7. sichinin – seven
8. hachinin – eight
9. kyuunin – nine
10. juunin – ten
Counting in multiples of ten
10 – juu
20 – nijuu
30 – sanjuu
40 – yonjuu
50 – gojuu
60 – rokujuu
70 - nanajuu
80 - hachijuu
90 – kyuujuu
100 – hyaku
Counting in multiples of one hundred
100 – hyaku
200 – nihyaku
300 – sanhyaku
400 – yonhyaku
500 – gohyaku
600 – roppyhaku
700 – nanahyaku
800 – happyaku
900 – kyuuhyaku
1000 – sen
Counting in multiples of one thousand
1,000 – sen
2,000 – nisen
3,000 – sanzen
4,000 – yonsen
5,000 – gosen
6,000 – rokusen
7,000 – nanasen
8,000 – hassen
9,000 – kyuusen
10,000 – ichiman
100,000 – juuman
1,000,000 – hyakuman
10,000,000 – senman
100,000,000– ichioku
How to tell the time?
1. ichiji – 1 o’clock
2. niji – 2 o’clock
3. sanji – 3 o’clock
4. yoji – 4 o’clock
5. goji – 5 o’clock
6. rokuji – 6 o’clock
7. shichiji – 7 o’clock
8. hachiji – 8 o’clock
9. kuji – 9 o’clock
10. juuji – 10 o’clock
11. juuichiji – 11 o’clock
12. juuniji – 12 o’clock
“ji” – means o’clock and “nanji” means what time?
Counter for number of minutes:
“fun” or “pun” is the numeral classifier for minute
and “nanpun” means “how many minutes”
1. ippun – 1 minute
2. nifun – 2 minutes
3. sanpun – 3 minutes
4. yonfun – 4 minutes
5. gofun – 5 minutes
6. roppun – 6 minutes
7. nanafun – 7 minutes
8. happun – 8 minutes
9. kyuufun – 9 minutes
10.juppun – 10 minutes
11. juugofun – 15 minutes
12. nijuppun – 20 minutes
13. nijuugofun – 25 minutes
14. sanjuppun – 30 minutes
15. sanjuugofun – 35 minutes
16. yojuppun – 40 minutes
17. yonjuugofun – 45 minutes
18. gojuppun – 50 minutes
19. gojuugofun – 55 minutes
20. rokujuppun – 60 minutes
Examples :
8:15 – hachiji juugofun
10:20 – juuji nijuppun
11:45 – juuichiji yonjuugofun
12:10 – juuniji juppun
9:10 – kuji juppun
3:35 – sanji sanjuugofun
2:25 – niji nijuugofun
1:30 – ichiji han
5:30 – goji han
4:30 – yoji han
5 minutes before three
– sanji gofun mae
10 minutes before 12
– juuniji juppun mae
15 minutes before 10
– juuji juugofun mae
5 minutes past 9
– kuji gofun sungi.
10 minutes past 12
– juuniji juppun sugi.
It’s 5 minutes advanced
– gofun susundeimasu
It’s 10 minutes advanced
– juppun susundeimasu
It’s 20 minutes advanced
– Nijuppun susundeimasu
It’s 5 minutes late.
– gofun okureteimasu.
It’s 10 minutes late.
– juppun okureteimasu.
NOTES:
susudeimasu – means “It’s advanced”.
okurete – means “it’s late”
7:30 AM – gozen shichiji han 4:30 PM – gogo yoji han
11:30 AM – gozen juuichiji han 5:30 PM – gogo goji han
from 8:00 to 5:00 – hachiji kara goji made
from 10:30 in the morning to 9:00 in the evening
– asa juuji han kara yoru kuji made
Dialogue I (taiwa)
A: Ima nanji desu ka.
What time is it now?
B: Rokuji desu.
It’s six o’clock.
A: Nihon wa ima nanji desu ka.
What time is it now in Japan?
B: Kuji desu.
It’s nine o’clock.
A: Gogo kuji desu ka.
Is it 9 PM ?
B: Hai, soo desu.
Yes it is.
Dialogue II
A: Sumimasen, nanji desu ka ?
Excuse me, what time is it?
B: Yoji nijuupun desu.
It’s four twenty.
A: Arigatoo gozaimasu.
Thank you.
B: Doo itashimashite.
You’re welcome.
Days of the Month
tsuitachi – 1st day
futsuka – 2nd day
mikka – 3rd day
yokka – 4th day
itsuka – 5th day
muika – 6th day
nanoka – 7th day
yooka – 8th day
kokonoka – 9th day
tooka – 10th day
juuichinichi – 11th day
juuninichi – 12th day
juusannichi – 13th day
juuyokka – 14th day
juugonichi – 15th day
juurokunichi – 16th day
juushichinichi – 17th day
juuhachinichi – 18th day
juukunichi – 19th day
hatsuka – 20th day
nijuuichinichi – 21st day
nijuuninichi – 22nd day
nijuusannichi – 23rd day
nijuuyokka – 24th day
nijuugonichi – 25th day
nijuurokunichi – 26th day
nijuushichinichi – 27th day
nijuuhachinichi – 28th day
nijuukunichi – 29th day
sanjuunichi – 30th day
sanjuuichinichi – 31st day
Vocabulary words:
takusan – many, a lot, plenty
ten–in – sales clerk
peso – peso
doru – dollar
sangurasu – sunglasses
koohii – coffee
ocha – green tea
koocha – black tea
miruku – milk
koora – coke
biiru – beer
pan – bread
gohan – rice ( cooked )
mizu – water
juusu – juice
choodo – exactly ; just
yoru – night; evening
kara – from
made – until ; up to
susundeimasu – advanced/ be too fast
okureteimasu – late / be too slow
hiru – afternoon
shoogo – noon
kinoo – yesterday
ashita – tomorrow
konban – tonight
asatte – the day after tomorrow
tokidoki – sometimes
sengetsu – last month
konshuu – this week
raishuu – next week
kyonen – last year
nin – numeral classifier for persons. It is added to
the Chinese-style numerals.
ikutsu – how many ( inquire about the number of things);
how old ( inquire about somebody’s age )
mise – store; shop
nannin – how many (persons)
Ikura – how much
kippu – ticket
tamago – egg
Nihon ryoori – Japanese food
Chuuka ryoori – Chinese food
Firipin ryoori – Filipino food
Kankoku ryoori – Korean food
Kaisen ryoori – seafoods
ebi – fish
sakana – fish
yasai – vegetables
niku – meat
ima – now
asa – morning
mae – before
sugi – past
han – half past
ji – o’clock
pun/ fun – minute
tokei – watch; clock
atteimasu – right; keep good time
kyoo – today
yuube – last night
ototoi – the day before yesterday
mainichi – everyday
kongetsu – this month
raigetsu – next month
senshuu – last week
kotoshi – this month
rainen – next year
Sentences :
1. Anata wa nani o nomimasu ka.
-- What do you drink?
2. Watashi wa koocha o nomimasu.
-- I drink tea.
3. Anata wa biiru o nomimasu ka.
-- Do you drink beer?
4. Hai, biiru o nomimasu.
-- Yes, I drink beer.
5. Anata wa doo desu ka.
-- How about you ?
6. Watashi mo biiru o nomimasu.
-- I drink beer, too.
7. I eat Japanese food.
-- Watashi wa Nihon ryoori o tabemasu.
8. She doesn’t eat Chinese food.
-- Kanojo wa Chuuka ryoori o tabemasen.
AI NI TSUITE (ABOUT LOVE)
1. ai suru – to love
2. honto ni – truly
3. ai – love
4. eien ni – forever
5. watashi aishiteimasu ka – do you love me
6. deto – date
7. koi ni chiru – fall in love
8. kudoku – woe
9. hatsukoi – first love
10. kokorogawari nai – will never change
11. Aishiteimasu – I love you
12. rabureta – love letter
13. konyaku – engagement
14. kisu – kiss
15. daku – hug
16. aibu – caress
17. yakimochi – jealous
18. ki ga au – compatible
19. ki ga awa nai – incompatible
20. yakusoka – promise
21. aishiau – love each other
22. aishiaimasho – let us love each other
23. kekkon shimasho – let us get married
24. aishimasho – let us make love
25. shinkon ryoko - honeymoon
26. uwaki – unfaithful
27. wakareru – break-up / separate
28. rikon suru – divorce
29. kinenbi – anniversary
30. tanoshimimasu – enjoy
31. funo – impotent
32. dosei suru – live together out of wedlock
33. ai no monogatari – love story
34. konyakusha/ koibito – sweetheart
35. konyakuchu no otoko – fiance ( nobyo )
36. konyakuchu no onna – fiancée ( nobya )
37. Shinumade hanasanai – Till Death do us part
38. renai kankei – love affair
39. joji – romance
40. koi wazurai – love-sick
41. iro jikake – fake love
42. renai kekkon – love marriage
43. miai kekkon – arranged marriage
44. au basho – meeting place
45. kekkon mae no sekkus – premarital sex
46. ninshin – pregnant
47. ryuzan – abortion
48. akachan o orosu – miscarriage
49. aibiki – secret rendezvous
Saturday, January 8, 2011
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY : LINES
The equation of a line can be written in the form
Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B and C are constants. This is called the general equation of a line. If A = 0 and B and C are not zero, the line is horizontal. If B = 0 and A and C are not zero, the line is vertical. If C = 0 and A and B are not zero, the line passes through the origin or the point (0, 0).
The Standard Equation of Lines
1. The point-slope form
y – y1 = m ( x – x1)
where m is a slope and (x1, y1) is a given point
2. The slope-intercept form
y = m x + b
where m is a slope and b is the y – intercept
3. The two-point form
y – y1 = [(y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1)] (x – x1)
where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are given points.
4. The intercept form
x/a + y/b = 1
where a is an x – intercept and b is the y–intercept.
5. The Normal form
x cos a + y sin a = p
where a is the slope of the normal and p is the distance of the
line from the origin.
Exercises (Problems in red color are assignment)
I. Find the equation of the line given the conditions:
1. P( 3 , – 2) , m = ¾
2. P(0, 5 ), m = – 2/3
3. P1(-1, 2 ) , P2(3, 4 )
4. P1( 0, -3 ), P2( 4, 0 )
5. m = ½ , b = -2
6. m = 3, b = - 3/2
7. a = 60 degrees, p = 3
8. a = 45 degrees, p = 3sqrt(2)
9. a = - ½ , b = 2
10. a = 3 , b = –5
II. Find the intersection of the following lines.
1. x + 2y = 3
2x + 8 = 3y
2. x – 2y = 2
2x – 3y = 5
3. 3x – y = 2
x + 2y = 3
4. x – y = 2
5x + 3y = 2
5. 3x - 2y = 4
2x + y = 12
III. The vertices of the triangle MNO are M(-1, 1), N(6, 2 ) and O(2, 5 ).
1. Determine the equation of (a) the side MN, (b) the medial from M
to NO and ( c ) the altitude from M to NO.
Ans. 7y – x = 8, 2y – x = 3 , 3y – 4x = 7
2. Find the equation of ( a ) the line through N parallel to MO,
( b) the line through O parallel to MN and ( c) the point of
intersection of the lines in ( a) and ( b).
Ans. 4x – 3y = 18, 7y – x = 33 , ( 9 , 6 )
3. The angle between MN and NO and between MN and MO.
IV. The equation of two sides of a parallelogram 2x – 3y + 7 = 0
and 4x + y = 21, and one of the vertex is (–1, –3 ).
Determine the three other vertices.
Ans. (5 , 1) , ( 4 , 5), (– 2, 1)
Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Gravity, Force and Newton's Laws
GRAVITY AND FALLING BODIES
Gravity is one of the most familiar forces in nature; its effect on motion has been a subject of discussion for centuries. If an object is dropped from a great height, it can be observed that it falls with ever increasing speed until air resistance balances the effect of gravity, at which time it is said to have reached its terminal velocity. The term free falling bodies is used for objects that are moving freely under the influence of gravity, whether they are moving upward or downward. Any object that has no forces other than gravity acting on it is said to be in free fall, whether it is moving upward, downward, or in any direction.
It is found that if air resistance can be made negligible, then falling bodies will accelerate toward the center of the earth at the same rate, regardless of their mass. The value for the acceleration of gravity, given the symbol g, has been measured on earth as g = 9.8 m/s2. Galileo was the first to demonstrate that all bodies fall at the same rate if air resistance is negligible. ( It is often said that he did this by dropping objects of various masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, although there is no historical evidence that he actually used the famed tower.) Galileo’s recorded experiments settled some very old controversies about falling bodies, proving less-popular ideas to be correct.
Even more important than his discoveries about falling objects was his breaking away from old methods of determining truth. Galileo is often credited with being the Father of Modern Science because of his forceful demonstration of the value of observation and the discoveries he made through his ingenious experiments.
The following is a data from one of Galileo’s earliest experiments of a ball rolling down an inclined plane. His data were recorded on his notes. Galileo held a ball at the top of an inclined, grooved board and marked its position. Releasing the ball, he marked its position at the end of equal intervals of time. This is much like dropping a ball from a height, except that the effect of gravity has been “reduced” by allowing the ball to roll slowly down the inclined board rather than falling straight down. The position as measured by Galileo are given in the following table :
S => h = ½ at2 ,
for vertical motion, a ==> g ( acceleration due to gravity )
Problems
1. A ball is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 15 m/s. How high does the ball rise from its projection point ? How long does it take for this rock to reach the highest point. How high does it go in 2 seconds ? in 3 seconds ? What is the time required to travel a height of 9 m ? 5 m ?
Ans. ( 11.48 m , 1.53 s , 10.4 m , 0.9 m , 0.82 s , 2.24 s , 0.38 s , 2.68 s )
2. A rock is dropped from a bridge 60 m high relative to the water on a river below. How long will it take for the rock to reach the surface of the water ? Calculate the positions of the rock 1s, 2 s, 3s after its release (a) relative to the bridge and (b) relative to the water.
3. A metal sphere is dropped from a 55 m high tower. Determine the height traveled by the sphere in the time interval from 1.5 s to 2.5 s.
FORCE, THE CAUSE OF ACCELERATION; NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
In 1642, several months after Galileo died, Isaac Newton was born. At age 23, Newton developed his famous laws of motion, which completed the overthrow of the Aristotelian idea that had dominated the thinking of the best minds for 2,000 years.
Every acceleration ( change in velocity ) is caused by forces acting on a body. Conversely, if a body does not accelerate, then the total force acting on it is zero even if several forces are present. The apparently simple idea of cause and effect, that forces cause acceleration, didn’t come easily. It was and still is tempting to think of common phenomena as having no cause and simple being “the nature of things”. For example, “Why does water flow downhill?” seems stupid. Yet such question have a serious answers; in this case, the force of gravity causes water to flow downhill. The genius of Newton and others was not only in providing answers to basic questions. But also in simply being curious enough to ask basic questions.
Force is defined intuitively as a push or a pull. If an applied force is the only one thing acting on a body, then the body will accelerate in the same direction as the force. The strength of the force determines the magnitude of the acceleration. If several forces act on a body, then its acceleration is in the same direction as the total force and has magnitude proportional to the total force.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Galileo had a major influence in the study of motion. What Newton did was to write down the relationships between the force and motion in a form that could be used to predict and describe motion. Those relationships were found to apply in every circumstance where an experiment could be performed to test them and came to be known as Newton’s laws of motion.
The First Law : Inertia (mass). A body rest remain at rest or in motion in a straight line with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. The property of a body that causes it to remain at rest or to maintain a constant velocity is called inertia. The law was a refinement of Galileo’s idea --- in the absence of force, a moving object will continue moving. Galileo considered the tendency of things to resist change in motion as inertia. Inertia is a measure of how difficult is it to set a body into motion, or if it is already moving, how difficult is it to stop.
The Second Law: The acceleration produced by forces acting on a body is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net external force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
a = Fnet/m ==> Fnet= ma , m ==> mass and a ==> acceleration
Newton’s Second law gives a precise definition of force that is consistent with our intuitive notions of a force as a push or a pull. A large force produces a large acceleration, a large mass requires a large force to make it accelerate at the same rate as a small mass, and a body will accelerate in the same direction as the net force on it.
The Third Law : Action – Reaction. Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force back on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This is paraphrase as, “For every action there is equal and opposite reaction”.
One force is called the action force and the other is the reaction force. In every interaction, the forces always occur in pairs. The action and the reaction pair of forces make up the interaction between two things. We know that forces can cancel when they are equal and act in the opposite direction on the same object. Even though action and reaction are equal and oppositely directed, they do not cancel each other for they are acting on different bodies.
An example is a swimmer that exerts a force on the side of the pool. By Newton’s third law, the side of the pool exerts a force back on the swimmer – an external force. If friction is negligible between the swimmer and the water, she will then move in a direction opposite to the force she exerted on the side of the pool with an acceleration proportional to the force she exerted.
Cars accelerate forward by exerting backward forces on the ground. The reaction force of the ground acts as an external force on the car in the forward direction.
UNITS OF FORCE
1. Newton – is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 m/ s2.
1 newton ( N ) = 1 kg-m/s2
2. Dyne – is the force required to give a mass of 1 gram an acceleration of 1 cm/ s2.
1 dyne = 1 g-cm/ s2
3. Pound – is the force required to give a mass of 1 slug an acceleration of 1 ft/ s2.
1 lb = 1 slug-ft/ s2 = 4.448 N
WEIGHT, FRICTION, TENSION, AND OTHER CLASSES OF FORCES
The weight of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. When an object is dropped near the earth’s surface, it is accelerated by the gravitational force with an acceleration g, thus by Newton’s second law, the weight w becomes
w = mg. ==> m = w/ g
We see in this equation the relation between mass and weight : Weight is a force proportional to the mass of a body and g is the constant of proportionality. Here, g is taken to be positive, since the direction of forces are indicated with plus or minus sign. Weight depends on the location of the object, since the acceleration of gravity varies with location. As you go higher, g decreases so that weight also is decreasing. On the moon g ==> 1/6 of the earth’s g.
Center of gravity. The force of gravity on solids can be considered to act on a single point, called center of gravity (c.g.).For symmetrical objects, c.g. is at its geometric center. For asymmetrical objects, the c.g. is closer to the more massive part of the body. A closer related concept is the center of mass (c.m.), is the point at which all of the mass in a body can be considered to be located.
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. The law states that there a force of attraction between any two masses that is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.
F = G m1 m2/r2
where G ==> Newton’s Universal constant of gravitation
G = 6.67 x 10–11 N.m2/kg2 ,
m1, m2 ==> masses in kg and
r ==> distance between the centers of mass in meter.
FRICTION
Friction is any force that opposes every effort to start to slide or roll one body over another body. Frictional forces are specially important to us in our daily lives, for without them we could not walk or hold things with our hands; cars wouldn’t be able to start or stop; nails and screws would be useless. Frictional forces are not fundamental forces like gravity or electromagnetism, but arise as reaction to other applied forces. Friction is proportional to the force exerted by one substance on another perpendicular to the surface between them---that is, the normal force (perpendicular force). The mathematical expressions are :
1. f = ukFN , uk==> coefficient of kinetic friction , FN ==>Normal force
2. f = us FN , us ==>coefficient of static friction
Equation 1 is used for the friction between moving substance and equation 2 for stationary substances.
Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force of friction f to the normal force, FN.
PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION
1. The force of friction always act in a direction opposite to the direction of motion, for objects in
relative notion --- that is, sliding or rolling.
2. The frictional force is proportional to the normal (perpendicular ) force between the two surfaces in
contact.
3. Frictional force is approximately independent of the area of contact between the surfaces.
4. The frictional force depends on the particular material that make up the surfaces.
* Synovial fluid – a fluid which looks like blood plasma which lubricates the joints and limbs of the body.
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Walking would be impossible without friction.
2. Pulley driven machines depend on friction for their operation.
3. Friction prevents belts from slipping off their pulley.
4. Friction between the tires and the road prevents skidding of vehicles.
5. Clutch, bolts and nuts, nails, screws, matches, brakes, etc. depends on friction.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Wearing out of parts of machines, thus causing extra expenses for maintenance.
2. It causes expansion on machine parts and heat loses thus reducing the efficiency of machines.
TENSION
A tension is any force carried by a flexible string, rope, cable, chain, etc. Because the medium carrying the force is flexible, it can only pull and can exert no force except along its length. Tension comes from a Latin word meaning “to stretch thin”. In muscle systems the fibrous cords that carry forces exerted by muscles to other parts of the body are called tendons. Tension is due to the cohesive atomic and molecular electromagnetic forces acting in a string.
For a body suspended on a string with zero or constant speed upward or downward, the tension is given by T = w = mg. If the body accelerates downward on a string, the tension is given by T + ma = mg and if the body has an upward acceleration on a string, the tension is given by T = mg + ma.
Problems :
1. Determine the weight of a 50 kg person on earth. On the moon if g is 1/6 of the earth’s g.
2. Determine the mass of a box if a force of 80 N is able to accelerate it at 1.25 m/ s2.
3. Calculate the mass of a flea in grams if its weight is 5 x 10–6 N.
4. Find the acceleration of a rocket with mass of 1.2 x 106 kg if its engine exerts a net force of 2 x 106 N.
5. A 70 kg gymnast climbs on a rope. Determine the tension in the rope if
(a) he climbs at constant speed,
(b) he has an upward acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 ; and
(c) he goes downward with a downward acceleration of 0.5 m/s2.
6. Determine the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun and between the earth and the
moon.
mE = 5.99 x 1024 kg , mS = 1.99 x 1030 kg , mM = 7.36 x 1022 kg
Searth–sun = 149.6 x 109 m , Searth–moon = 3.84 x 108 m , Radius of earth = 6.367 x 106 m
7. A man weighs a fish of mass m on a spring scale attached to the ceiling of a elevator. Show that if the elevator accelerates in either direction , the spring scale gives a reading different from the weight of the fish. What is the reading on the scale if the elevator moves up or down at constant speed?
8. How much torque do you exert if you push perpendicularly on a door with a force of 30 N at a distance of 0.85 m from its hinges?
Gravity is one of the most familiar forces in nature; its effect on motion has been a subject of discussion for centuries. If an object is dropped from a great height, it can be observed that it falls with ever increasing speed until air resistance balances the effect of gravity, at which time it is said to have reached its terminal velocity. The term free falling bodies is used for objects that are moving freely under the influence of gravity, whether they are moving upward or downward. Any object that has no forces other than gravity acting on it is said to be in free fall, whether it is moving upward, downward, or in any direction.
It is found that if air resistance can be made negligible, then falling bodies will accelerate toward the center of the earth at the same rate, regardless of their mass. The value for the acceleration of gravity, given the symbol g, has been measured on earth as g = 9.8 m/s2. Galileo was the first to demonstrate that all bodies fall at the same rate if air resistance is negligible. ( It is often said that he did this by dropping objects of various masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, although there is no historical evidence that he actually used the famed tower.) Galileo’s recorded experiments settled some very old controversies about falling bodies, proving less-popular ideas to be correct.
Even more important than his discoveries about falling objects was his breaking away from old methods of determining truth. Galileo is often credited with being the Father of Modern Science because of his forceful demonstration of the value of observation and the discoveries he made through his ingenious experiments.
The following is a data from one of Galileo’s earliest experiments of a ball rolling down an inclined plane. His data were recorded on his notes. Galileo held a ball at the top of an inclined, grooved board and marked its position. Releasing the ball, he marked its position at the end of equal intervals of time. This is much like dropping a ball from a height, except that the effect of gravity has been “reduced” by allowing the ball to roll slowly down the inclined board rather than falling straight down. The position as measured by Galileo are given in the following table :
Time t (equal intervals) t2 Distance,S(points) S/t2 1 1 33 33.0 2 4 130 32.5 3 9 298 33.1 4 16 526 32.9 5 25 824 33.0 6 36 1192 33.1 7 49 1620 33.1 8 64 2104 32.9The observations show what was already known quantitatively to Galileo and others of his time – that a rolling (or falling) object picks up speed as it continues to roll (or fall). However, the debt we owe to Galileo is for his careful measurements and his quantitative (mathematical) interpretation of the data. His object was to find a general rule describing how distances increase with increasing time of fall. After some trial and error, and with considerable insight, Galileo realized that the distance traveled was proportional to the square of the elapsed time.
S => h = ½ at2 ,
for vertical motion, a ==> g ( acceleration due to gravity )
Problems
1. A ball is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 15 m/s. How high does the ball rise from its projection point ? How long does it take for this rock to reach the highest point. How high does it go in 2 seconds ? in 3 seconds ? What is the time required to travel a height of 9 m ? 5 m ?
Ans. ( 11.48 m , 1.53 s , 10.4 m , 0.9 m , 0.82 s , 2.24 s , 0.38 s , 2.68 s )
2. A rock is dropped from a bridge 60 m high relative to the water on a river below. How long will it take for the rock to reach the surface of the water ? Calculate the positions of the rock 1s, 2 s, 3s after its release (a) relative to the bridge and (b) relative to the water.
3. A metal sphere is dropped from a 55 m high tower. Determine the height traveled by the sphere in the time interval from 1.5 s to 2.5 s.
FORCE, THE CAUSE OF ACCELERATION; NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
In 1642, several months after Galileo died, Isaac Newton was born. At age 23, Newton developed his famous laws of motion, which completed the overthrow of the Aristotelian idea that had dominated the thinking of the best minds for 2,000 years.
Every acceleration ( change in velocity ) is caused by forces acting on a body. Conversely, if a body does not accelerate, then the total force acting on it is zero even if several forces are present. The apparently simple idea of cause and effect, that forces cause acceleration, didn’t come easily. It was and still is tempting to think of common phenomena as having no cause and simple being “the nature of things”. For example, “Why does water flow downhill?” seems stupid. Yet such question have a serious answers; in this case, the force of gravity causes water to flow downhill. The genius of Newton and others was not only in providing answers to basic questions. But also in simply being curious enough to ask basic questions.
Force is defined intuitively as a push or a pull. If an applied force is the only one thing acting on a body, then the body will accelerate in the same direction as the force. The strength of the force determines the magnitude of the acceleration. If several forces act on a body, then its acceleration is in the same direction as the total force and has magnitude proportional to the total force.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Galileo had a major influence in the study of motion. What Newton did was to write down the relationships between the force and motion in a form that could be used to predict and describe motion. Those relationships were found to apply in every circumstance where an experiment could be performed to test them and came to be known as Newton’s laws of motion.
The First Law : Inertia (mass). A body rest remain at rest or in motion in a straight line with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. The property of a body that causes it to remain at rest or to maintain a constant velocity is called inertia. The law was a refinement of Galileo’s idea --- in the absence of force, a moving object will continue moving. Galileo considered the tendency of things to resist change in motion as inertia. Inertia is a measure of how difficult is it to set a body into motion, or if it is already moving, how difficult is it to stop.
The Second Law: The acceleration produced by forces acting on a body is directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net external force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
a = Fnet/m ==> Fnet= ma , m ==> mass and a ==> acceleration
Newton’s Second law gives a precise definition of force that is consistent with our intuitive notions of a force as a push or a pull. A large force produces a large acceleration, a large mass requires a large force to make it accelerate at the same rate as a small mass, and a body will accelerate in the same direction as the net force on it.
The Third Law : Action – Reaction. Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force back on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This is paraphrase as, “For every action there is equal and opposite reaction”.
One force is called the action force and the other is the reaction force. In every interaction, the forces always occur in pairs. The action and the reaction pair of forces make up the interaction between two things. We know that forces can cancel when they are equal and act in the opposite direction on the same object. Even though action and reaction are equal and oppositely directed, they do not cancel each other for they are acting on different bodies.
An example is a swimmer that exerts a force on the side of the pool. By Newton’s third law, the side of the pool exerts a force back on the swimmer – an external force. If friction is negligible between the swimmer and the water, she will then move in a direction opposite to the force she exerted on the side of the pool with an acceleration proportional to the force she exerted.
Cars accelerate forward by exerting backward forces on the ground. The reaction force of the ground acts as an external force on the car in the forward direction.
UNITS OF FORCE
1. Newton – is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 m/ s2.
1 newton ( N ) = 1 kg-m/s2
2. Dyne – is the force required to give a mass of 1 gram an acceleration of 1 cm/ s2.
1 dyne = 1 g-cm/ s2
3. Pound – is the force required to give a mass of 1 slug an acceleration of 1 ft/ s2.
1 lb = 1 slug-ft/ s2 = 4.448 N
WEIGHT, FRICTION, TENSION, AND OTHER CLASSES OF FORCES
The weight of an object is the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. When an object is dropped near the earth’s surface, it is accelerated by the gravitational force with an acceleration g, thus by Newton’s second law, the weight w becomes
w = mg. ==> m = w/ g
We see in this equation the relation between mass and weight : Weight is a force proportional to the mass of a body and g is the constant of proportionality. Here, g is taken to be positive, since the direction of forces are indicated with plus or minus sign. Weight depends on the location of the object, since the acceleration of gravity varies with location. As you go higher, g decreases so that weight also is decreasing. On the moon g ==> 1/6 of the earth’s g.
Center of gravity. The force of gravity on solids can be considered to act on a single point, called center of gravity (c.g.).For symmetrical objects, c.g. is at its geometric center. For asymmetrical objects, the c.g. is closer to the more massive part of the body. A closer related concept is the center of mass (c.m.), is the point at which all of the mass in a body can be considered to be located.
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. The law states that there a force of attraction between any two masses that is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.
F = G m1 m2/r2
where G ==> Newton’s Universal constant of gravitation
G = 6.67 x 10–11 N.m2/kg2 ,
m1, m2 ==> masses in kg and
r ==> distance between the centers of mass in meter.
FRICTION
Friction is any force that opposes every effort to start to slide or roll one body over another body. Frictional forces are specially important to us in our daily lives, for without them we could not walk or hold things with our hands; cars wouldn’t be able to start or stop; nails and screws would be useless. Frictional forces are not fundamental forces like gravity or electromagnetism, but arise as reaction to other applied forces. Friction is proportional to the force exerted by one substance on another perpendicular to the surface between them---that is, the normal force (perpendicular force). The mathematical expressions are :
1. f = ukFN , uk==> coefficient of kinetic friction , FN ==>Normal force
2. f = us FN , us ==>coefficient of static friction
Equation 1 is used for the friction between moving substance and equation 2 for stationary substances.
Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force of friction f to the normal force, FN.
PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION
1. The force of friction always act in a direction opposite to the direction of motion, for objects in
relative notion --- that is, sliding or rolling.
2. The frictional force is proportional to the normal (perpendicular ) force between the two surfaces in
contact.
3. Frictional force is approximately independent of the area of contact between the surfaces.
4. The frictional force depends on the particular material that make up the surfaces.
* Synovial fluid – a fluid which looks like blood plasma which lubricates the joints and limbs of the body.
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Walking would be impossible without friction.
2. Pulley driven machines depend on friction for their operation.
3. Friction prevents belts from slipping off their pulley.
4. Friction between the tires and the road prevents skidding of vehicles.
5. Clutch, bolts and nuts, nails, screws, matches, brakes, etc. depends on friction.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
1. Wearing out of parts of machines, thus causing extra expenses for maintenance.
2. It causes expansion on machine parts and heat loses thus reducing the efficiency of machines.
TENSION
A tension is any force carried by a flexible string, rope, cable, chain, etc. Because the medium carrying the force is flexible, it can only pull and can exert no force except along its length. Tension comes from a Latin word meaning “to stretch thin”. In muscle systems the fibrous cords that carry forces exerted by muscles to other parts of the body are called tendons. Tension is due to the cohesive atomic and molecular electromagnetic forces acting in a string.
For a body suspended on a string with zero or constant speed upward or downward, the tension is given by T = w = mg. If the body accelerates downward on a string, the tension is given by T + ma = mg and if the body has an upward acceleration on a string, the tension is given by T = mg + ma.
Problems :
1. Determine the weight of a 50 kg person on earth. On the moon if g is 1/6 of the earth’s g.
2. Determine the mass of a box if a force of 80 N is able to accelerate it at 1.25 m/ s2.
3. Calculate the mass of a flea in grams if its weight is 5 x 10–6 N.
4. Find the acceleration of a rocket with mass of 1.2 x 106 kg if its engine exerts a net force of 2 x 106 N.
5. A 70 kg gymnast climbs on a rope. Determine the tension in the rope if
(a) he climbs at constant speed,
(b) he has an upward acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 ; and
(c) he goes downward with a downward acceleration of 0.5 m/s2.
6. Determine the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun and between the earth and the
moon.
mE = 5.99 x 1024 kg , mS = 1.99 x 1030 kg , mM = 7.36 x 1022 kg
Searth–sun = 149.6 x 109 m , Searth–moon = 3.84 x 108 m , Radius of earth = 6.367 x 106 m
7. A man weighs a fish of mass m on a spring scale attached to the ceiling of a elevator. Show that if the elevator accelerates in either direction , the spring scale gives a reading different from the weight of the fish. What is the reading on the scale if the elevator moves up or down at constant speed?
8. How much torque do you exert if you push perpendicularly on a door with a force of 30 N at a distance of 0.85 m from its hinges?
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
POLAR COORDINATES
Polar points are plotted using the polar coordinate plane with the line OX as initial line or polar axis, point 0 as the pole or origin and the distance of the point from O as the radius vector.
The position of any point P in the plane is determined if the length of the line OP together with the angle that this line makes with OX are known, both the length and the angle being measured in a definite sense.
From the figure :
r = radius vector, + if measured along the terminal side of Ө,
– if measured in the opposite direction along the terminal side of Ө
Ө = polar angle
OX = initial line or polar axis
O = pole or origin
Polar Coordinate paper – it is where the polar points are plotted.
( to be illustrated on the board during lecture )
Plot the following points :
1. ( 2, 30º ) 6. ( 3, 60º )
2. ( 4, 225º ) 7. ( 4, – 315º )
3. ( – 6, –120º ) 8. ( – 3, –240º )
4. ( – 4, 330º ) 9. ( 4, – 330º )
5. ( 6, – 150º ) 10. (– 6, 150º )
Distance between two points in Polar Coordinates : by Cosine law
Conversion
A. Polar to rectangular coordinates
1) x = r cos Ө
2) y = r sine Ө
B. Rectangular to Polar coordinates
1) r = sqrt( x2 + y2 )
2) Ө = Arctan ( y/x )
Exercises : Numbers colored red is an assignment to be passed on January 6 or 7, 2010.
1. The point ( r , Ө ) is equidistant from ( 2 , 90º ) and (– 2 , 150º ). Express the statement into an algebraic expression.
2. Show that the given points ( 2 , 45º ), ( sqrt( 2 ), 90º ) and ( – 2 , 135º ) are vertices of a right triangle and find its area.
3. Convert to rectangular coordinate.
a) ( 3 , 240º )
b) ( 4 , 150º )
c) (– 5 , 150º )
4. Convert to polar coordinate
a) ( 2 , –2 )
b) ( – 1 , – sqrt ( 3 ) )
c) ( – 3 , 3 )
5. Find the distance between the following points.
a) ( 3 , 240º ) and (– 5 , 150º )
b) ( 4 , 150º ) and ( 2 , 45º )
c) ( 2 , 90º ) and ( – 2 , 135º )
Monday, December 13, 2010
PHYSICS E 101 Assignment ( Motion )
1. Roy normally drives on a freeway from a city C to city A at an average speed of 90 km/hr and his trip took him 2 hours and 30 minutes. One day with heavy traffic, he slows down and drive the same distance at an average speed of 75 km/hr. How much longer does the trip take for Roy?
2. Two cyclists travel simultaneously towards each other from points 40 km apart. Cyclist A has a speed of 12 km/hr while cyclist B travels 4 km/hr slower than cyclist A. How many hours will they meet each other ? How far apart are they after 75 minutes?
3. A car is moving with an average speed of 72 km/hr. Determine (a) the total distance traveled by the car in 50 minutes, (b)the time needed to travel 90 000 m.
4. It is now 1:00 PM. At what time before 2:00 o’clock with the minute hand overtake the hour hand? At what time before 2:00 o’clock will the minute hand and the hour hand become perpendicular for the first time? At what time before 2:00 o’clock will the minute hand and the hour hand become perpendicular for the second time ?
5. Calculate your average speed in m/s and km/hr if you jog at 2.5 m/s for 10 minutes and then walk at 600 m for 400 seconds.
Tuesday, December 7, 2010
Friday, December 3, 2010
HINTS for ANALYTIC GEOMETRY TRINAL EXAM
HINTS FOR TRINALS
1. Locate the point which is at a distance 4 from (7, 4) and at a distance of sqrt(26) from (2, -1).
Ans. (3, 4) , (7, 0)
2. Locate the point which is equidistant from (3, 8), (5, 2) and (-3, -4).
Ans. (-2, 3)
3. Locate the point which is equidistant from (3, 1) and (-2, 2); also equidistant from (1, 2) and (3, 0).
Ans. (0, -1)
4. Show that the points (-2, 4), (3, -1) and (-1, -3) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle and find the area.
Ans. A = 15 sq u
5. A circle has center at (1, 2) and passes through (8, 3). Does this circle pass through (-4, -3)? Through (5, 8)? Through (0, 9)?
7. Show in two ways that the quadrilateral with vertices (0, -1), (1, 2), (-4, 7) and (-5, 4) is a parallelogram.
8. Show that the points (-1, -2), (5, 4) and (-3, 0) are vertices of a right triangle and find its area.
Ans. 12 sq u
9. Locate the point which is equidistant from (-3, 0) and (1, 4 and at a distance 5 from (-1, 7).
Ans. (-1, 2), (-6, 7)
10. Determine the angle from L1 along (4, 3),(6, -2) and L2 along (9, 5),(6, -2).
Ans. 135 degrees
Sunday, November 28, 2010
Language 102 Nihongo
New words :
1. kago – basket 10. donata no – whose
2. hako – box 11. okii – large, big
3. mado – window 12. chisaii – small, tiny
4. mizu – water 13. omoi – heavy
5. kutsu – shoes 14. nimots’(nimotsu) – baggage, luggage
6. ki – tree 15. kaban – bag, brief case, traveling bag
7. heya – room 16. ts’tsumi (tsutsumi)–a package,a bundle
8. ringo – apple 17. shobai – business, trade, profession
9. mikan – orange 18. karui – light ( in weight )
Lesson 3 : PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular form Plural form
1. watashi – I watakushidomo/watashi tachi – we
2. anata – you anata tachi/anata gata – you
3. kare – he karera – they
kanojo – she kanojo tachi – they
Possessive pronouns: Use no to show possession after the personal
pronouns
watashi no – my watashi tachi no – our
anata no – your anata tachi no/ anata gata no – your
kare no – his karera no – their
kanojo no – her kanojo tachi no – their
Notes:
1. “tachi” or “ra” means plural in number.
2. “karera” is used when referring to a group composed
of males and females. “karera” being the plural male
form of “he” ( they ) naturally dominate and encompasses
“kanojo” ( they for females ).
Vocabulary words
hoteru – hotel shumi – hobby
sekken – soap zasshi – magazine
byooin – hospital tomodachi – friend
kaisha – company, office eiga – movie
tokei – watch saifu – wallet
doa – door kuuraa – air conditioner
kuruma – car shimbun – newspaper
kabe – wall hankachi – handkerchief
kaaten – curtain
Examples : “no” used as possessive adjective
1. Kore wa anata no sekken desu. This is your soap.
2. Are wa watashi no ie desu. That is my house.
3. Kore wa kare no kuruma desu. This is his car.
4. Kore wa Tanaka san no kaban desu. This is Mr. Tanaka’s bag.
5. Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka. What is your hobby?
“no” used as descriptive adjective
6. Kore wa Nihon no kuruma desu. This is a Japanese car.
7. Tani san wa eigo no sensei desu. Mr. Tani is an English teacher.
8. Are wa Amerika no eiga desu ka. Is that an American movie ?
Note : The particle “no” placed between two nouns usually makes
the first noun the modifier of the second noun. Thus,
“watashi no tomodachi” means my friend. This no usually
corresponds to “of” or ‘s.
Anata no tomodachi – your friend.
Sato-san no kuruma – Mr. sato’s car
Watashi tachi no shimbun – our newspaper
watashi no tokei – my watch
Common occupations
kaikei-gakari – accountant ginkoo-in – bank employee
ten-in – sales clerk shachoo – company president
eiyooshi – nutritionist kaisha-in – company employee
gaikookan – diplomat isha – doctor
gishi – engineer ha-isha – dentist
kangofu – nurse taishikan-in – embassy employee
jaanarisuto – journalist untenshu – driver
shufu – housewife bengoshi – lawyer
iyayu – actress ongakuka – musician
danyu – actor jimu-in – office worker/ clerk
kookanshu –operator(telephone) gaka – painter
keikan – policeman koomu-in – public servant
bijinesuman – businessman scholar – gakusha
gakusei – student sakka – writer
hisho – secretary kankoo gaido – tour guide
gaadoman – security guard uketsukegakari – receptionist
sensei / kyoshi – teacher sojiin – cleaner (janitor)
keeji – detective yosaichi – dressmaker
sejyusi – pilot syomin – merchant
jitsugyoka – businessman roodoosha – worker/laborer
hooka – farmer taiku – carpenter
bobi – waiter kasyu – singer
jugjoin – employee gyohu – fisherman
romusya – laborer bengoshi – lawyer
syosetsuka – novelist shimbunkisya – journalist
daijin – minister
kikaiko – mechanic
Languages:
Go – means language. It is used as a suffix in one’s country
denoting his / her native language.
Examples :
Chuugokugo – Chinese language Nihongo – Japanese language
Firipingo – Filipino language Eigo – English language
Kankokugo – Korean language Supeingo – Spanish language
Doitsugo – German language Indogo – Indian language
Taigo – Thai language Gaikokugo – Foreign language
Expression to tell how one looks like :
1. mitai desu – look (s)like
2. ni miemasen – do(es) not look a like
Examples:
1. Anata wa Nihonjin mitai desu. You look like a Japanese.
2. Anata wa Doitsujin ni miemasen. You don’t look like a German.
Basic grammar :
1. Anata wa Kato san desu ka. Are you Mr. Kato ?
2. Hai, soo desu. Yes, I am.
3. Kore wa saifu desu ka. Is this a wallet ?
4. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
5. Are wa sekken desu ka. Is that a soap ?
6. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
7. Kore wa nan desu ka. What is this ?
8. Kore wa hon desu ka. Is this a book
9. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
10. Kore isu desu ka. Is this a chair ?
11. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
12. Are wa isu desu ka. Is that a chair ?
13. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
14. Kore wa mado desu ka. Is this a window ?
15. Iie, sore wa doa desu. No, that is a door.
Note :
“Hai soo desu”, is use to affirm a statement said by
the other party. This is used in reply only to a
“be – verb”. For instance, an American is ask
“Amerikajin desu ka.” The American can affirm by
answering “Hai, soo desu” or “Iie, chigaimasu” to
deny the truth of a statement said by another
person. Literally, “Iie, chigaimasu” means
“No, its different”.
Daily Expressions :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen Excuse me.
2. Gomen nasai./Sumimasen deshita. I’m sorry.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. Sorry to have disturbed you.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. Please come in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. Please sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you.
8. Doo itashimashite. . Don’t mention it.
9. Chotto matte kudasai. Wait a moment please.
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. Wait here till I get back.
11. Omatase itashimashita. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. Hold your line please.
13. Hanashichuu desu. Line is busy.
14. Sayoonara. Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. Goodnight
16. Itte mairimasu. I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. Good bye, have a nice time.
18. Tadaima. I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. Welcome back.
NOTES :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen – Excuse me.
This is use to express an apology when you interrupt
someone in a conversation. Also, when you want to excuse
yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who
will stay behind as an apology for leaving ahead of them.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita – I’m sorry.
This is use to express an apology when you ask for
someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping
on his foot. “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by children and
women than “sumimasen deshita”.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. – Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. – Sorry to have disturbed you.
These two expressions are used when one is about
to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before
leaving another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita”
which means “I’m sorry to have disturbed you”. The
difference between Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or
sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen
deshita):
The difference between these two is that Excuse me
( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is normally said before
the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or
sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been
accomplished.
Excuse me is said when you cause the inconvenience or disturbance
to another. For example you want to :
a. pass through between two people engaged in conversation.
b. interrupt the conversation of someone else.
c. get off the elevator and someone’s blocking the way out.
d. catch the attention of another.
e. reach for the dish across the table.
I’m sorry is said when :
a. you’ve done something wrong.
b. you want to ask for pardon or express apology.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. – Please come in.
This is said when you greet a visitor at the entrance
of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. – Please sit down.
You say this as a sign of courtesy when you invite
another to sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. – Thank you.
This one of the most common expression of thanks.
When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends,
“gozaimasu” is often omitted.
8. Doo itashimashite. – Don’t mention it.
Literally means “why or how come”. The idea of the
sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no
reason to say so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it,
Not at all, You are welcome, That’s alright , etc.”
9. Chotto matte kudasai. – Wait a moment please.
This is said when you want someone to wait for you.
This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. – Wait here till I get back.
Literally, it means “please wait and stay here”.
This is said when you want to tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain place while you go elsewhere.
11. Omatase itashimashita. – I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
You will say this when you have made somebody wait
for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. – Hold your line please.
This used when talking on the telephone to tell
the other party to wait for a while.
13. Hanashichuu desu. – Line is busy.
This also another telephone expression.
14. Sayoonara. – Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. – Goodnight.
This can be use when you say farewell to somebody
who is about to leave. As a daily expression, it can
be use in the office, or in school when you leave that
place and won’t meet one another until the next day. But
if you leave from one place late in the evening, you’d
better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions
are used together as “Sayoonara,oyasumi nasai”.
16. Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye, have a nice time.
This is addressed to someone left in the house,
office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and
come back here.” The way to respond to this expression
is to say “Itte rasshai.” The literal meaning is “Go for
a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
18. Tadaima. – I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. – Welcome back.
When you return from work or after having met some
appointment, you say “Tadaima. To those who were left
behind. The response from them should be “okaeri nasai”
whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”.
BASIC GRAMMAR : Kono, Sono & Ano
Kono, Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately
before nouns. They are never used alone.
Kore, Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa”
when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and Ano are never
followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence.
They are always followed by a noun.
Examples ( Reibun ) :
Kono kaban – this bag Sono zasshi – that magazine
Ano hito – that person Ano hoteru – that hotel
Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
1. Kono pen wa watashi no desu. This pen is mine.
Kore wa pen desu. This is a pen.
2. Sono saifu wa watashi no desu. That wallet is mine.
Sore wa saifu desu. That is a wallet
Use the words given in the parenthesis to make a sentence.
1. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. This is my book.
( your, his, her, ours, theirs )
2. Kono hon wa watashi no desu. This book is mine.
( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
3. Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu. That house is Mr. Takasi’s.
( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss Sato’s, Miss Suzuki’s, Mrs. Yataki’s)
Useful expressions :
1. Wakarimasu ka. Do you understand ?
2. Wakarimasu. I understand.
3. Wakarimasen. I don’t understand.
4. Wakarimashita ka. Did you understand ?
5. Wakarimashita. I understood.
6. Wakarimasen deshita. I didn’t understand.
7. Shitte imasu ka. Do you know ?
8. Shirimasen. I don’t know.
9. Shitte imasu. I know.
10. Doo desu ka. How is it ?
11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
“mo” is a particle which adds the sense of also, too.
Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes
the place of “wa” as in the following sentences :
1. Kono hito wa gakusei desu. This person is a student.
Kono hito mo gakusei desu. This person is also a student.
2. Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
Yataki-san mo Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language teacher.
“mo” is also used in a negative sentence as in the following
sentences :
1. Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen.
This is not a dictionary.
Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen.
That is not a dictionary either.
2. Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
Ikeda san mo koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Ikeda is not a government employee either.
New words ( Adjectives )
wakai – young oishii – delicious
omoshiroi – interesting yasashii – easy; kind
muzukashii – difficult ookii – big
chiisai – small atarashii – new
New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
kyookai – church terebi – television
shiken – examination sakki – a while ago
bangumi – program ( t v ) kawa – river
doko emo – (not) anywhere doko nimo – nowhere
yuubinkyoku – post office depaato – department store
Examples :
1. Kanojo wa wakai desu. She is young.
2. Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu. My house is small.
3. Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu. That hotel is new.
4. Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This movie is interesting.
PURE ADJECTIVES :
atsui – hot / thick tsuyoi – strong
yowai – weak usui – thin
yoi – good katai – hard
mazui – unsavory; unskillful yawarakai – soft
takai – tall / expensive tanoshii – pleasant
sabishii – lonely yasui – cheap
nagai – long isogashii – busy
ooi – many sei ga takai – tall ( person )
omoi – heavy sei ga hikui – short ( person )
amai – sweet karui – light
hiroi – wide suzushii – cool
atatakai – warm akai – red
shiroi – white tooi – far
kuroi – black hayai – early / fast
osoi – late / slow akarui – bright
aoi – blue asai – shallow
samui – cold ( weather ) tsumetai – cold ( object )
warui – bad hazukashii – ashamed
hikui – low subarashii – wonderful
mijikai – short sukunai – few
nigai – bitter suppai – sour
semai – narrow chikai – near
kiiroi – yellow kurai – dark
fukai – deep kawaii – cute
BASIC GRAMMAR
1. Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
This book is not interesting.
2. Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu. My watch is cheap.
3. Anata no uchi (ie) wa chikai desu ka. Is your house near ?
In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is conjugated as follows :
Present Present negative Past Past negative
affirmative affirmative
omoshiroi omoshirokunai omoshirokatta omoshirokunakatta
yasui yasukunai yasukatta yasukunakatta
chikai chikakunai chikakatta chikakunakatta
yawarakai yawarakakunai yawarakakatta yawarakakunakatta
Note : All pure adjectives end in letter “i” ;however they are
conjugated in cases where they are used as complements in
a be–verb sentence. For example, in the sentence “ subject,
wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a complement.
In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and
whether its negative or positive, pure adjective should be
conjugated by dropping the final “i” and replacing it with
“kunai”, “katta”, and “kunakatta”.
Type A ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
1. Kare wa sei ga takai desu. He is tall.
(present affirmative, sei ga takai )
2. Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu. She is not busy.
( Present negative, isogashikunai)
3. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu. The examination was difficult.
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
4. Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu.
That movie was not interesting.
( past negative, omoshiro kunakatta )
Type B ( Interrogative sentences )
1. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka. Was the test difficult ?
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
2. Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka. Wasn’t the test difficult ?
( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
3. Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka. Is he tall ?
( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
4. Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka. Isn’t he tall ?
( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
5. Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka. Is Mr. Yamada busy ?
(present affirmative, ishogashii )
6. Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka. Was she busy ?
( past affirmative, isogashikatta )
BASIC GRAMMAR :
Verb “to go” together with its propositions “e” or “ni”
“e” or “ni” is a particle to indicate the destination and
the direction. You can always use this particle after places,
such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan ),
Pikit e ( to Pikit ), etc.
1. kago – basket 10. donata no – whose
2. hako – box 11. okii – large, big
3. mado – window 12. chisaii – small, tiny
4. mizu – water 13. omoi – heavy
5. kutsu – shoes 14. nimots’(nimotsu) – baggage, luggage
6. ki – tree 15. kaban – bag, brief case, traveling bag
7. heya – room 16. ts’tsumi (tsutsumi)–a package,a bundle
8. ringo – apple 17. shobai – business, trade, profession
9. mikan – orange 18. karui – light ( in weight )
Lesson 3 : PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular form Plural form
1. watashi – I watakushidomo/watashi tachi – we
2. anata – you anata tachi/anata gata – you
3. kare – he karera – they
kanojo – she kanojo tachi – they
Possessive pronouns: Use no to show possession after the personal
pronouns
watashi no – my watashi tachi no – our
anata no – your anata tachi no/ anata gata no – your
kare no – his karera no – their
kanojo no – her kanojo tachi no – their
Notes:
1. “tachi” or “ra” means plural in number.
2. “karera” is used when referring to a group composed
of males and females. “karera” being the plural male
form of “he” ( they ) naturally dominate and encompasses
“kanojo” ( they for females ).
Vocabulary words
hoteru – hotel shumi – hobby
sekken – soap zasshi – magazine
byooin – hospital tomodachi – friend
kaisha – company, office eiga – movie
tokei – watch saifu – wallet
doa – door kuuraa – air conditioner
kuruma – car shimbun – newspaper
kabe – wall hankachi – handkerchief
kaaten – curtain
Examples : “no” used as possessive adjective
1. Kore wa anata no sekken desu. This is your soap.
2. Are wa watashi no ie desu. That is my house.
3. Kore wa kare no kuruma desu. This is his car.
4. Kore wa Tanaka san no kaban desu. This is Mr. Tanaka’s bag.
5. Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka. What is your hobby?
“no” used as descriptive adjective
6. Kore wa Nihon no kuruma desu. This is a Japanese car.
7. Tani san wa eigo no sensei desu. Mr. Tani is an English teacher.
8. Are wa Amerika no eiga desu ka. Is that an American movie ?
Note : The particle “no” placed between two nouns usually makes
the first noun the modifier of the second noun. Thus,
“watashi no tomodachi” means my friend. This no usually
corresponds to “of” or ‘s.
Anata no tomodachi – your friend.
Sato-san no kuruma – Mr. sato’s car
Watashi tachi no shimbun – our newspaper
watashi no tokei – my watch
Common occupations
kaikei-gakari – accountant ginkoo-in – bank employee
ten-in – sales clerk shachoo – company president
eiyooshi – nutritionist kaisha-in – company employee
gaikookan – diplomat isha – doctor
gishi – engineer ha-isha – dentist
kangofu – nurse taishikan-in – embassy employee
jaanarisuto – journalist untenshu – driver
shufu – housewife bengoshi – lawyer
iyayu – actress ongakuka – musician
danyu – actor jimu-in – office worker/ clerk
kookanshu –operator(telephone) gaka – painter
keikan – policeman koomu-in – public servant
bijinesuman – businessman scholar – gakusha
gakusei – student sakka – writer
hisho – secretary kankoo gaido – tour guide
gaadoman – security guard uketsukegakari – receptionist
sensei / kyoshi – teacher sojiin – cleaner (janitor)
keeji – detective yosaichi – dressmaker
sejyusi – pilot syomin – merchant
jitsugyoka – businessman roodoosha – worker/laborer
hooka – farmer taiku – carpenter
bobi – waiter kasyu – singer
jugjoin – employee gyohu – fisherman
romusya – laborer bengoshi – lawyer
syosetsuka – novelist shimbunkisya – journalist
daijin – minister
kikaiko – mechanic
Languages:
Go – means language. It is used as a suffix in one’s country
denoting his / her native language.
Examples :
Chuugokugo – Chinese language Nihongo – Japanese language
Firipingo – Filipino language Eigo – English language
Kankokugo – Korean language Supeingo – Spanish language
Doitsugo – German language Indogo – Indian language
Taigo – Thai language Gaikokugo – Foreign language
Expression to tell how one looks like :
1. mitai desu – look (s)like
2. ni miemasen – do(es) not look a like
Examples:
1. Anata wa Nihonjin mitai desu. You look like a Japanese.
2. Anata wa Doitsujin ni miemasen. You don’t look like a German.
Basic grammar :
1. Anata wa Kato san desu ka. Are you Mr. Kato ?
2. Hai, soo desu. Yes, I am.
3. Kore wa saifu desu ka. Is this a wallet ?
4. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
5. Are wa sekken desu ka. Is that a soap ?
6. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
7. Kore wa nan desu ka. What is this ?
8. Kore wa hon desu ka. Is this a book
9. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
10. Kore isu desu ka. Is this a chair ?
11. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
12. Are wa isu desu ka. Is that a chair ?
13. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
14. Kore wa mado desu ka. Is this a window ?
15. Iie, sore wa doa desu. No, that is a door.
Note :
“Hai soo desu”, is use to affirm a statement said by
the other party. This is used in reply only to a
“be – verb”. For instance, an American is ask
“Amerikajin desu ka.” The American can affirm by
answering “Hai, soo desu” or “Iie, chigaimasu” to
deny the truth of a statement said by another
person. Literally, “Iie, chigaimasu” means
“No, its different”.
Daily Expressions :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen Excuse me.
2. Gomen nasai./Sumimasen deshita. I’m sorry.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. Sorry to have disturbed you.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. Please come in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. Please sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you.
8. Doo itashimashite. . Don’t mention it.
9. Chotto matte kudasai. Wait a moment please.
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. Wait here till I get back.
11. Omatase itashimashita. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. Hold your line please.
13. Hanashichuu desu. Line is busy.
14. Sayoonara. Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. Goodnight
16. Itte mairimasu. I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. Good bye, have a nice time.
18. Tadaima. I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. Welcome back.
NOTES :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen – Excuse me.
This is use to express an apology when you interrupt
someone in a conversation. Also, when you want to excuse
yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who
will stay behind as an apology for leaving ahead of them.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita – I’m sorry.
This is use to express an apology when you ask for
someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping
on his foot. “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by children and
women than “sumimasen deshita”.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. – Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. – Sorry to have disturbed you.
These two expressions are used when one is about
to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before
leaving another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita”
which means “I’m sorry to have disturbed you”. The
difference between Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or
sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen
deshita):
The difference between these two is that Excuse me
( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is normally said before
the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or
sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been
accomplished.
Excuse me is said when you cause the inconvenience or disturbance
to another. For example you want to :
a. pass through between two people engaged in conversation.
b. interrupt the conversation of someone else.
c. get off the elevator and someone’s blocking the way out.
d. catch the attention of another.
e. reach for the dish across the table.
I’m sorry is said when :
a. you’ve done something wrong.
b. you want to ask for pardon or express apology.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. – Please come in.
This is said when you greet a visitor at the entrance
of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. – Please sit down.
You say this as a sign of courtesy when you invite
another to sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. – Thank you.
This one of the most common expression of thanks.
When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends,
“gozaimasu” is often omitted.
8. Doo itashimashite. – Don’t mention it.
Literally means “why or how come”. The idea of the
sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no
reason to say so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it,
Not at all, You are welcome, That’s alright , etc.”
9. Chotto matte kudasai. – Wait a moment please.
This is said when you want someone to wait for you.
This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. – Wait here till I get back.
Literally, it means “please wait and stay here”.
This is said when you want to tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain place while you go elsewhere.
11. Omatase itashimashita. – I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
You will say this when you have made somebody wait
for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. – Hold your line please.
This used when talking on the telephone to tell
the other party to wait for a while.
13. Hanashichuu desu. – Line is busy.
This also another telephone expression.
14. Sayoonara. – Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. – Goodnight.
This can be use when you say farewell to somebody
who is about to leave. As a daily expression, it can
be use in the office, or in school when you leave that
place and won’t meet one another until the next day. But
if you leave from one place late in the evening, you’d
better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions
are used together as “Sayoonara,oyasumi nasai”.
16. Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye, have a nice time.
This is addressed to someone left in the house,
office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and
come back here.” The way to respond to this expression
is to say “Itte rasshai.” The literal meaning is “Go for
a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
18. Tadaima. – I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. – Welcome back.
When you return from work or after having met some
appointment, you say “Tadaima. To those who were left
behind. The response from them should be “okaeri nasai”
whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”.
BASIC GRAMMAR : Kono, Sono & Ano
Kono, Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately
before nouns. They are never used alone.
Kore, Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa”
when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and Ano are never
followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence.
They are always followed by a noun.
Examples ( Reibun ) :
Kono kaban – this bag Sono zasshi – that magazine
Ano hito – that person Ano hoteru – that hotel
Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
1. Kono pen wa watashi no desu. This pen is mine.
Kore wa pen desu. This is a pen.
2. Sono saifu wa watashi no desu. That wallet is mine.
Sore wa saifu desu. That is a wallet
Use the words given in the parenthesis to make a sentence.
1. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. This is my book.
( your, his, her, ours, theirs )
2. Kono hon wa watashi no desu. This book is mine.
( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
3. Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu. That house is Mr. Takasi’s.
( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss Sato’s, Miss Suzuki’s, Mrs. Yataki’s)
Useful expressions :
1. Wakarimasu ka. Do you understand ?
2. Wakarimasu. I understand.
3. Wakarimasen. I don’t understand.
4. Wakarimashita ka. Did you understand ?
5. Wakarimashita. I understood.
6. Wakarimasen deshita. I didn’t understand.
7. Shitte imasu ka. Do you know ?
8. Shirimasen. I don’t know.
9. Shitte imasu. I know.
10. Doo desu ka. How is it ?
11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
“mo” is a particle which adds the sense of also, too.
Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes
the place of “wa” as in the following sentences :
1. Kono hito wa gakusei desu. This person is a student.
Kono hito mo gakusei desu. This person is also a student.
2. Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
Yataki-san mo Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language teacher.
“mo” is also used in a negative sentence as in the following
sentences :
1. Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen.
This is not a dictionary.
Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen.
That is not a dictionary either.
2. Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
Ikeda san mo koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Ikeda is not a government employee either.
New words ( Adjectives )
wakai – young oishii – delicious
omoshiroi – interesting yasashii – easy; kind
muzukashii – difficult ookii – big
chiisai – small atarashii – new
New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
kyookai – church terebi – television
shiken – examination sakki – a while ago
bangumi – program ( t v ) kawa – river
doko emo – (not) anywhere doko nimo – nowhere
yuubinkyoku – post office depaato – department store
Examples :
1. Kanojo wa wakai desu. She is young.
2. Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu. My house is small.
3. Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu. That hotel is new.
4. Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This movie is interesting.
PURE ADJECTIVES :
atsui – hot / thick tsuyoi – strong
yowai – weak usui – thin
yoi – good katai – hard
mazui – unsavory; unskillful yawarakai – soft
takai – tall / expensive tanoshii – pleasant
sabishii – lonely yasui – cheap
nagai – long isogashii – busy
ooi – many sei ga takai – tall ( person )
omoi – heavy sei ga hikui – short ( person )
amai – sweet karui – light
hiroi – wide suzushii – cool
atatakai – warm akai – red
shiroi – white tooi – far
kuroi – black hayai – early / fast
osoi – late / slow akarui – bright
aoi – blue asai – shallow
samui – cold ( weather ) tsumetai – cold ( object )
warui – bad hazukashii – ashamed
hikui – low subarashii – wonderful
mijikai – short sukunai – few
nigai – bitter suppai – sour
semai – narrow chikai – near
kiiroi – yellow kurai – dark
fukai – deep kawaii – cute
BASIC GRAMMAR
1. Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
This book is not interesting.
2. Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu. My watch is cheap.
3. Anata no uchi (ie) wa chikai desu ka. Is your house near ?
In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is conjugated as follows :
Present Present negative Past Past negative
affirmative affirmative
omoshiroi omoshirokunai omoshirokatta omoshirokunakatta
yasui yasukunai yasukatta yasukunakatta
chikai chikakunai chikakatta chikakunakatta
yawarakai yawarakakunai yawarakakatta yawarakakunakatta
Note : All pure adjectives end in letter “i” ;however they are
conjugated in cases where they are used as complements in
a be–verb sentence. For example, in the sentence “ subject,
wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a complement.
In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and
whether its negative or positive, pure adjective should be
conjugated by dropping the final “i” and replacing it with
“kunai”, “katta”, and “kunakatta”.
Type A ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
1. Kare wa sei ga takai desu. He is tall.
(present affirmative, sei ga takai )
2. Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu. She is not busy.
( Present negative, isogashikunai)
3. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu. The examination was difficult.
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
4. Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu.
That movie was not interesting.
( past negative, omoshiro kunakatta )
Type B ( Interrogative sentences )
1. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka. Was the test difficult ?
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
2. Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka. Wasn’t the test difficult ?
( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
3. Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka. Is he tall ?
( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
4. Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka. Isn’t he tall ?
( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
5. Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka. Is Mr. Yamada busy ?
(present affirmative, ishogashii )
6. Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka. Was she busy ?
( past affirmative, isogashikatta )
BASIC GRAMMAR :
Verb “to go” together with its propositions “e” or “ni”
“e” or “ni” is a particle to indicate the destination and
the direction. You can always use this particle after places,
such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan ),
Pikit e ( to Pikit ), etc.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)