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Wednesday, April 11, 2018

Think, Believe, Dream and Dare

Think, Believe, Dream and Dare



An eight-year-old boy approached an old man in front of a wishing well, looked up into his eyes, and asked: "I understand you're a very wise man. I'd like to know the secret of life."

The old man looked down at the youngster and replied: "I've thought a lot in my lifetime, and the secret can be summed up in four words.

The first is think. Think about the values you wish to live your life by.

The second is believe. Believe in yourself based on the thinking you've done about the values you're going to live your life by.

The third is dream. Dream about the things that can be, based on your belief in yourself and the values you're going to live by.

The last is dare. Dare to make your dreams become reality, based on your belief in yourself and your values."

And with that, Walter E. Disney said to the little boy, "Think, Believe, Dream, and Dare."

~ Author Unknown ~



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Thursday, December 22, 2016

MOTION

Motion

      Motion is apparent in widely ranging phenomena, from blood cells squeezing through capillaries to planets moving across the sky. Motion is the displacement of an object with respect to objects that are at rest. Historically, motion was one of the first phenomena to be studied carefully. Some progress was made in the understanding of motion in ancient times, particularly by the philosophers of classical Greece, but it was not until the Renaissance that the basic laws of motion were discovered. Many individuals made important contributions, but two stand above the rest : Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) and Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727). If Galileo’s predecessors had placed a greater value on experimentation, they might have made more progress than they did. Instead most natural philosophy was based on logical argument and the constraining influence of a particular school of thought. The transition that Galileo and others made from dogma to experimentation was not without pain; Galileo himself was forced by the Inquisition to recant his work and lived the last years of his life under a form of house arrest.
      The central ideas regarding motion developed by Galileo and Newton remained essentially intact until 1905, when Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) published his paper on the theory of relativity. Even today, the classical theory of Galileo, Newton and others describes motion with extremely good precision as long as the object  being described moves slower than about 1% of the speed of light. The study of motion is kinematics, motion being the displacement of objects with respect to objects that are at rest. Kinematics comes from the Greek word kinema, meaning motion, the same root from which we get the word cinema. Kinematics describes the position and motion of objects in space as a function of time but does not consider the causes of motion.( It deals with motion without considering the forces causing the motion). The study of the causes of motion is dynamics which relates motion to the forces causing it and to the properties of the moving system.
      Kinematics provides the means for describing the motions of varied things as planets, golf balls, and subatomic particles. Because of its precision and generality, mathematics is the natural language for kinematics. To adequately describe motion, one must be able to say where something is located within a given reference frame. Reference frame is a physical entity, such as ground, a room or a moving car, to which we refer the position and motion of the objects.
      To say that space is three dimensional, it means that three numbers are needed to completely locate the position the position of an object. A system for assigning these 3 numbers, or coordinates, to the location of a point in a reference frame is called coordinate system. Because the coordinate system is a mathematical construction, you are free to choose the system that you want, orient it as you wish, and place its origin wherever you prefer.       

  TIME, DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
            Time is measured in terms of change. If nothing changes, then it is impossible to tell that time has passed. All devices that measure time measure change; i.e., days are measured by the change in position of the sun in the sky, clocks measure elapsed time by the change in position of their hands.
            Displacement is the location of an object relative to a reference point. Displacement is specified by the distance from a reference point (magnitude) and the direction to get to the present location, it is a change in position in a specific direction. This implies that displacement is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction. Distance has no given direction and has only magnitude, it is a change in position. It is a scalar quantity.
            Velocity and Speed. Speed is time rate of change of position while velocity is time rate of change of displacement. Velocity can also be describe as speed in a specific direction.

              ν =   Change in displacement  =    Δ S      
                           Change in time                  Δ t

                ν  is average velocity 


Uniform motion – a type of motion characterized by  constant or average speed.

            Equation of uniform motion                         
                                         S = vt  
                             
                                         v = S/t                      

                                          t = S/v  

                                   where :
                                              S = distance
                                              v =  constant or average speed
                                              t  =  time
Example 

1. A truck travels a distance of  90 km in 1.5 hours. Determine the average velocity. How many km does it go in 2.5 hours? How many minutes will it be able to travel 20 km?
                                       Given :
                                            S = 90 km
                                            t  = 1.5 hr
                                      Required :
                                           a) v
                                           b) S  in km when t = 2.5 hrs
                                           c) t  in seconds when  S = 20 km   
                                     Solution :
                                         a)  v = S/t
                                               v = 90km/1.5 hr
                                               v = 60 km/hr

                                        b)  S = vt = 60 km/hr( 2.5 hr)
                                             S  = 150 km

                                        c)  t = S/v  = [    20 km   ][  60 min  ]
                                                                 60 km/hr     1 hr

                                             t  =  20 min
  
    2.  Two cyclists starts from  common point in the opposite direction. Cyclist A moves to the east at 8 km/hr and Cyclist B towards the west. If cyclist B is 4 km/hr faster than cyclist A, in how many minutes will they be 24 km apart? What are their respective distance travelled during this period ? How far are they after one hour ?

   3.  A van starts from Midsayap with an average speed of 61 km/hr for Davao City. How many hours shall it reach Davao City? How far from Midsayap is the van after 75 minutes? How many hours shall it be able to  travel  106.75 km ?

   4.  A Mindanao Star bus leaves  the  Midsayap  terminal  at  6:00 AM  for  Davao  City with an average speed of 42 km/hr. At 6:45 a van leaves the same terminal for Davao City with an average speed of  60 km/hr. Can the van overtake the bus ? If so, where and when shall overtaking take place ?   

   5. A car has an average speed of 25 m/s. What is the distance travelled in 75 minutes? How many minutes shall it  travel a distance of 120 km?  


Friday, January 30, 2015

LANG 102 - Foreign Language 2

Vocabulary words :                                   Country                                People
            hata – flag                               Doitsu – Germany                  Doitsujin – German
            hako – box                              Kanada –  Canada                  Kanada jin – Canadian
            neko – cat                               Chugoku – China                    Chugoku jin – Chinese
            uchi / ie – house                      Indo – India                             Indojin – Indian
                                                            Roshia – Russia                      Roshiajin – Russian

 The Parts of the body :
            karada – body                         koshi – hips                             atama – head                         
            ude – arms                              kao – face                               ke – hair
            hana – nose                            te – hands                               kuchi – mouth
            hiza – knees                            hoho – cheeks                        kubi – neck
            hitai – forehead                       tekubi – wrist                           me – eyes
            ashi – legs ( foot )                   ago – chin                               kata – shoulders
            mimi – ears                             kuchibiro – lips                        hifu – skin 
            senaka – back                        hige – beard                            wakinoshita – armpit
            mayuge – eyebrow                 shita – tongue                          mune – chest
            kakato – heels                         hara – stomach                       yubi – fingers
            ha – tooth                                chi – blood                               hone – bone
            iki – breath                              tsume – fingernails                  noo – brain
            shinzoo – heart                        hai – lung                                 chichi – breast

STUDY OF THE FIVE W’s

        Who, what, where, when and why or the 5 W’s in the English language are used in asking questions. The same principles and uses in asking questions in Nihongo and the ka is used in place of a question mark.
                           1.  dare – who                                  4.  doko – where               
                           2.  doshite / naze – why                  5.  itsu – when
                           3.  nani ( nan ) – what             

  Examples :  1.  Dare desu ka or donata desu ka.          Who are you ? ( donata more polite than dare.
                      2.  Nan desu ka.                                          What is it ?
                      3.  Nani ga arimasu ka.                               What is there or What have you ?
                      4.  Doko desu ka.                                        Where is it ?
                      5.  Kare / Kanojo wa doko ni imasu ka.       Where is he / she ?
                      6.  Doshite kimasu ka.                                Why do you come ?
                      7.  Itsu kimasu ka / itsu ikimasu ka.            When do you come ? / When do you go ?
  Exercises :
     1.  Hon wa doko ni imasu ka.                                Where are the book ?
     2.  Ano hito wa dare desu ka.                                Who is that man ?
     3.  Anata wa doko ni ikimasu ka.                           Where are you going ?
     4.  Kutsu wa doko ni arimasu ka.                          Where are the shoes ?
     5.  Kami wa doko ni arimasu ka.                           Where is the paper ?
     6.  Ringo wa doko ni imasu ka.                             Where are the apples ?
     7.  Kaban wa doko ni imasu ka.                            Where is the bag ?

  New words :
    1.  kago – basket         7.  heya – room                   13.  omoi – heavy
    2.  hako – box              8.  ringo – apple                  14.  nimots’(nimotsu) – baggage, luggage
    3.  mado – window     9.  mikan – orange              15.  kaban – bag, brief case, traveling bag 
    4.  mizu – water         10. donata  no – whose       16.  ts’tsumi ( tsutsumi ) – a package, a bundle
   5.  kutsu – shoes        11. okii – large, big               17.  shobai – business, trade, profession
   6.  ki – tree                  12.  chisaii – small, tiny       18.  karui – light ( in weight )

Lesson 3 :    PERSONAL PRONOUNS

         Singular form                         Plural form
            1.  watashi  –  I                        watakushidomo / watashi tachi  –  we
            2.  anata  –  you                      anata tachi / anata gata   –   you
            3.  kare  –  he                          karera   –   they
                 kanojo  –  she                     kanojo tachi   –   they

   Possessive pronouns :  Use  no  to show possession after the personal pronouns :
            watashi no – my                      watashi tachi no – our
            anata no – your                       anata tachi no/ anata gata no – your
            kare no – his                           karera no – their
            kanojo no – her                       kanojo tachi no – their
  Note:
      1.  “tachi” or “ra” means plural in number.
      2.  “karera” is used when referring to a group composed of males and females. “karera” being the plural male form of “he” ( they ) naturally dominate and encompasses “kanojo” ( they for females ).

 Vocabulary words 
    hoteru – hotel                         shumi – hobby                                   kuruma – car
    sekken – soap                        zasshi – magazine                             shimbun – newspaper
    byooin – hospital                    tomodachi – friend                             kabe – wall
    kaisha – company, office        eiga – movie                                    hankachi – handkerchief
    tokei – watch                          saifu – wallet                                      kaaten – curtain
    doa – door                              kuuraa – air conditioner   

  Examples :  “no”  used as possessive adjective
            1.  Kore wa anata no sekken desu.                This is your soap.
            2.  Are wa watashi no ie desu.                        That is my house.
            3.  Kore wa kare no kuruma desu.                 This is his car.
            4.  Kore wa Tanaka san no kaban desu.        This is Mr. Tanaka’s bag.
            5.  Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka.              What is your hobby?

    “no”  used as descriptive adjective
            6.  Kore wa Nihon no kuruma desu.               This is a Japanese car.
            7.  Tani san wa eigo no sensei desu.              Mr. Tani is an English teacher.
            8.  Are wa Amerika no eiga desu ka.                         Is that an American movie ?
    
     Note :  The particle “no” placed between two nouns usually makes the first noun the modifier of the second noun. Thus, “watashi no tomodachi” means my friend. This no usually corresponds to “of” or ‘s.
            Anata no tomodachi – your friend.                             Sato-san no kuruma – Mr. sato’s car
            Watashi tachi no shimbun – our newspaper               watashi no tokei – my watch
   
 Common occupations
    kaikei-gakari – accountant      ginkoo-in – bank employee              ten-in – sales clerk
    eiyooshi – nutritionist               kaisha-in – company employee       shachoo – company president
    gaikookan – diplomat               isha – doctor                                    ha-isha – dentist
    kangofu – nurse                       taishikan-in – embassy employee    gishi – engineer
    jaanarisuto – journalist             untenshu – driver                             shufu – housewife
    bengoshi – lawyer                    iyayu – actress                                 ongakuka – musician
    danyu – actor                           jimu-in – office worker/ clerk           kookanshu – operator (telephone)
    gaka – painter                          keikan – policeman                          koomu-in – public servant
    bijinesuman – businessman    scholar – gakusha                            gakusei – student
    sakka – writer                          hisho – secretary                             kankoo gaido – tour guide
    gaadoman – security guard     uketsukegakari – receptionist         sensei / kyoshi – teacher
     sojiin – cleaner (janitor)                   keeji – detective                         yosaichi – dressmaker
     sejyusi – pilot                                   syomin – merchant                    jitsugyoka – businessman
     roodoosha – worker/ laborer           hooka – farmer                          taiku – carpenter
     bobi – waiter                                    kasyu – singer                            jugjoin – employee
     gyohu – fisherman                                      romusya – laborer                      bengoshi – lawyer
     syosetsuka – novelist                     shimbunkisya – journalist            daijin – minister
     kikaiko – mechanic

Languages: 
   Go – means language. It  is used as a suffix in one’s country denoting his / her native language.
            Chuugokugo – Chinese language                  Nihongo – Japanese language
            Firipingo – Filipino language                           Eigo – English language
            Kankokugo – Korean language                      Supeingo – Spanish language
            Doitsugo – German language                         Indogo – Indian language
            Taigo – Thai language                                    Gaikokugo – Foreign language

   Expression to tell how one looks like :
              1.  mitai desu  –  look (s) like                2.  ni miemasen – do (es) not look alike

      Example :              1.  Anata wa Nihonjin mitai desu.                   You look like a Japanese.
                        2.  Anata wa Doitsujin ni miemasen.              You don’t look like a German.

 Basic grammar :  1.  Anata wa Kato san desu ka.    Are you Mr. Kato ?
                             2.  Hai, soo desu.                           Yes, I am.
                             3.  Kore wa saifu desu ka.             Is this a wallet ?
                             4.  Iie, chigaimasu.                         No, it isn’t.
                             5.  Are wa sekken desu ka.           Is that a soap ?
                             6.  Hai, soo desu.                           Yes, it is.
                             7.  Kore wa nan desu ka.               What is this ?
                             8.  Kore wa hon desu ka.               Is this a book 
                             9.  Iie, chigaimasu.                         No, it isn’t.
                           10. Kore isu desu ka.                       Is this a chair ?
                           11. Hai, soo desu.                            Yes, it is.
                           12. Are wa isu desu ka.                   Is that a chair ?
                           13. Iie, chigaimasu.                          No, it isn’t.
                           14.  Kore wa mado desu ka.            Is this a window ?
                           15.  Iie, sore wa doa desu.               No, that is a door.
  Note :
            “Hai soo desu”, is use to affirm a statement said by the other party. This is used in reply only to a
      “be – verb”. For instance, an American is ask “Amerikajin desu ka.”  The American can affirm by
      answering “Hai, soo desu” or “Iie, chigaimasu” to deny the truth of a statement said by another
      person.  Literally, “Iie, chigaimasu” means  “No, its different”.

   Daily Expressions :
            1.  Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen                           Excuse me.
            2.  Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita         I’m sorry.
            3.  Ojama itaashimasu.                                   Sorry to disturb you.
            4.  Ojama itashimashita.                                 Sorry to have disturbed you.
            5.  Doozo ohaire kudasai.                               Please come in. 
            6.  Doozo okake kudasai.                               Please sit down. 
            7.  Arigatoo gozaimasu.  .                               Thank you.
8.  Doo itashimashite. .                                   Don’t mention it.
            9.  Chotto matte kudasai.                                Wait a moment please.
           10.  Koko de matte ite kudasai.                       Wait here till I get back.
           11.  Omatase itashimashita.                            I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
            12.  Sonomama omachi kudasai.                   Hold your line please.
            13.  Hanashichuu desu.                                  Line is busy.
            14.  Sayoonara.                                              Good bye.  
            15.  Oyasumi nasai.                                        Goodnight
            16.  Itte mairimasu.                                         I’m going out  or  I’m leaving.
            17.  Itte rasshai.                                               Good bye, have a nice time.
            18.  Tadaima.                                                  I am back.
            19.  Okaeri nasai.                                            Welcome back.    


 NOTES :
            1.  Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen   –   Excuse me.
       This is use to express an apology when you interrupt someone in a conversation. Also, when you
want to excuse yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who will stay behind as an apology for leaving ahead of them.  
            2.  Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita   –   I’m sorry.
        This is use to express an apology when you ask for someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping on hi foot.  “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by children and women than “sumimasen deshita”.
            3.  Ojama itaashimasu.     –    Sorry to disturb you.
            4.  Ojama itashimashita.    –   Sorry to have disturbed you.
       These two expressions are used when one is about to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before leaving another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita”  which means  “I’m sorry to have
disturbed you”.
        The difference between Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen deshita ) :
         The difference between these two is that Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is normally said before the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been accomplished.
         Excuse me is said when you cause the inconvenience or disturbance to another. For example you want to :   a.  pass through between two people engaged in conversation.
                 b.  interrupt the conversation of someone else.
                 c.  get off the elevator and someone’s blocking the way out.
                 d.  catch the attention of another.
                 e.  reach for the dish across the table.

        I’m sorry is said when :
                 a.  you’ve done something wrong.
                 b.  you want to ask for pardon or express apology.

            5.  Doozo ohaire kudasai.    –    Please come in. 
      This is said when you greet a visitor at the entrance of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
            6.  Doozo okake kudasai.    –    Please sit down. 
       You say this as a sign of courtesy when you invite another to sit down.
            7.  Arigatoo gozaimasu.  .    –     Thank you.
       This one of the most common expression of thanks. When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends, “gozaimasu” is often omitted.          
8.  Doo itashimashite. .     –      Don’t mention it.
       Literally means “why or how come”. The idea of the sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no reason to say so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it, Not at all, You are welcome, That’s alright , etc.”      
            9.  Chotto matte kudasai.      –     Wait a moment please.
       This is said when you want someone to wait for you. This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
            10.  Koko de matte ite kudasai.       –     Wait here till I get back.
 Literally, it means “please wait and stay here”.  This is said when you want to tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain place while you go elsewhere.
            11.  Omatase itashimashita.       –      I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
       You will say this when you have made somebody wait for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
            12.  Sonomama omachi kudasai.       –      Hold your line please.
        This used when talking on the telephone to tell the other party to wait for a while.
            13.  Hanashichuu desu.       –      Line is busy.
        This also another telephone expression.
            14.  Sayoonara.      –    Good bye.           15.  Oyasumi nasai.   –    Goodnight
        This can be use when you say farewell to somebody who is about to leave.  As a daily expression, it can be use in the office, or in school when you leave that place and won’t meet one another until the next day.  But if you leave from one place late in the evening, you’d better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions are used together as “Sayoonara, oyasumi nasai”.
            16.  Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m leaving.  17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye, have a nice time.
         This is addressed to someone left in the house, office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and come back here.”  The way to respond to this expression is to say “Itte rasshai.”  The literal meaning is “Go for a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
            18.  Tadaima.    –  I am back.                19.  Okaeri nasai.  –  Welcome back.
       When you return from work or after having met some appointment, you say “Tadaima.  To those who were left behind. The response from them should be “okaeri nasai” whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”. 

BASIC GRAMMAR :  Kono,  Sono  &  Ano

            Kono, Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately before nouns. They are never used alone.
            Kore, Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa”  when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and Ano are never followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence.  They are always followed by a noun.
       Examples ( Reibun ) :      Kono kaban – this bag                        Sono zasshi – that magazine
                                                Ano  hito – that person                        Ano hoteru – that hotel

       Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
            1.  Kono pen wa watashi no desu.                  This pen is mine.                    
                 Kore wa pen desu.                                     This is a pen.

            2.  Sono saifu wa watashi no desu.                That wallet is mine.
                 Sore wa saifu desu.                                   That is a wallet

     Use the words given in the parenthesis to make a sentence.
   1.  Kore wa watashi no hon desu.                This is my book.  ( your, his, her, ours, theirs )
   2.  Kono hon wa watashi no desu.               This book is mine. ( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
   3.  Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu.           That house is Mr. Takasi’s. ( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss  Sato’s, 
                                                                                                Miss Suzuki’s,  Mrs. Yataki’s )

 Useful expressions :
  1.  Wakarimasu ka.               Do you understand ?              7.  Shitte imasu ka.     Do you know ?
  2.  Wakarimasu.                    I understand.                           8.  Shirimasen.            I don’t know.
  3.  Wakarimasen.                  I don’t understand.                  9.  Shitte imasu.          I know.
  4.  Wakarimashita ka.           Did you understand ?              10.  Doo desu ka.        How is it ?
  5.  Wakarimashita.                I understood.                           11.  Doo deshita ka.    How was it ?
  6.  Wakarimasen deshita.     I didn’t  understand.
             
        “mo” is a particle which adds the sense of also, too. Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes the place 
       of  “wa”  as in the following sentences :       
            1.  Kono hito wa gakusei  desu.                        This person is a student.
                 Kono hito mo gakusei desu.                        This person is also a student. 
       2.  Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu.       Mr. Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
            Yataki-san mo  Nihongo no sensei desu.        Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language teacher.

      “mo”  is also used in a negative sentence as in the following sentences :

       1.  Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen.                                    This is not a dictionary.
            Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen.                       That is not a dictionary either.

       2.  Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen.    Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
            Ikeda san mo koomuin dewa arimasen.         Miss Ikeda is not a government  employee either.

    New words ( Adjectives )
            wakai – young                         oishii – delicious                      omoshiroi – interesting
            yasashii – easy; kind               muzukashii – difficult              ookii – big
            chiisai – small                          atarashii – new 

    New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
            kyookai – church                        terebi – television                shiken – examination
            bangumi – program ( t v )            kawa – river                        sakki – a while ago
            doko emo –  (not ) anywhere                 doko nimo – nowhere         yuubinkyoku – post office
            depaato – department store

     Examples :
            1.  Kanojo wa wakai desu.                              She is young.
            2.  Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu.               My house is small.
            3.  Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu.                   That hotel is new.
            4.  Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu.                   This movei is interesting.
 
   PURE ADJECTIVES :
    atsui – hot / thick                             tsuyoi – strong                             samui – cold ( weather )
    yowai – weak                                  usui – thin                                    tsumetai – cold ( object )     
    yoi – good                                       katai – hard                                 warui – bad            
    mazui – unsavory; unskillful           yawarakai – soft                         hazukashii – ashamed
    takai – tall / expensive                    tanoshii – pleasant                      hikui – low
    sabishii – lonely                               yasui – cheap                              subarashii – wonderful
    nagai – long                                     isogashii – busy                           mijikai – short
    ooi – many                                      sei ga takai – tall ( person )         sukunai – few
    omoi – heavy                                  sei ga hikui – short ( person )     nigai – bitter
    amai – sweet                                   karui – light                                  suppai – sour
    hiroi – wide                                      suzushii – cool                             semai – narrow
    atatakai – warm                              akai – red                                    chikai – near
    shiroi – white                                   tooi – far                                      kiiroi – yellow
    kuroi – black                                   hayai – early / fast                      kurai – dark
    osoi – late / slow                              akarui – bright                             fukai – deep
    aoi – blue                                         asai – shallow                              kawaii – cute

  BASIC GRAMMAR
            1.  Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.                       This book is not interesting.
            2.  Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu.                    My watch is cheap.
            3.  Anata no uchi ( ie ) wa chikai desu ka.                  Is your house near ?

   In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is conjugated as follows :

     Present affirmative            Present negative                     Past affirmative          Past negative
            omoshiroi                      omoshirokunai                       omoshirokatta            omoshirokunakatta
            yasui                              yasukunai                               yasukatta                   yasukunakatta
            chikai                             chikakunai                              chikakatta                  chikakunakatta
            yawarakai                     yawarakakunai                      yawarakakatta           yawarakakunakatta

  Note :  All pure adjectives end in letter  “i”  ; however they are conjugated in cases where they are used as complements in a be–verb sentence. For example, in the sentence “ subject , wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a complement. In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and whether its negative or positive, pure adjective should be conjugated by dropping the final “i”  and replacing it with “kunai”,  “katta” ,  and  “kunakatta”.

Type A  ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
       1.  Kare wa sei ga takai desu.                          He is tall.     (  present affirmative,   sei ga takai )
       2.  Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu.                   She is not busy.  ( Present negative,  isogashikunai)
      3.  Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu.                    The examination was difficult.
                                                                                         ( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
      4.  Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu.          That movie was not interesting.
                                                                                         ( past negative,  omoshiro kunakatta )

 Type  B ( Interrogative sentences )
     1.  Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka.                Was the test difficult ?
                                                                                         ( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
     2.  Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka.        Wasn’t  the test difficult ?
                                                                                         ( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
     3.  Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka.                           Is he tall ?  ( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
     4.  Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka.                   Isn’t he tall ? ( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
     5.  Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka.            Is Mr. Yamada busy ?  (present affirmative, ishogashii )
     6.  Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka.                    Was she busy ? ( past affirmative, isogashikatta )

 BASIC GRAMMAR :  Verb  “to go” together with its propositions  “e”  or  “ni”
  
            “e”  or  “ni”  is a particle to indicate the destination and the direction. You can always use this particle after places, such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan ), Pikit e ( to Pikit ), etc.
  
            According to the English grammar, any kind of verb has its own conjugation in the sentence such as :                                
                      go                goes                   went                      gone                                going
                   ( root )           ( present  )          ( past )             ( past particle )              ( present participle )

     iku – to go 

PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
ikimasu
ikimasen
ikimasu ka
ikimashita
ikimasen deshita
ikimashita ka

                                    mashoo – ( lets )                nasai –  ( order form )

     In Nihongo, all verbs have their own conjugations, too. Most of the common verbs have the letter “u” at the end of the word, such as “iku”. When the verb is used in the sentence, the letter “u” can get each conjugation depending on the use in the sentence.
     English and Japanese grammars are similar to each other when it comes to adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modifying nouns become complements in the sentence and adverbs modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.
   
      Kare wa Midsayap e ( ni ) ikimasu.            He goes to Midsayap.  
        S                                           V                     S     V         adverb
     In the example, “to Midsayap” is written after the verb “goes”  but “Midsayap e” is written before the verb  “ikimasu”.  Japanese adverbs should be placed before the modified words.

    1.  Tanaka-san wa Cotabato e ikimashita.             Mr. Tanaka went to Cotabato   
    2.  Kare wa gakkoo e ikimasen deshita.                 He did not go to school.
    3.  Anata wa sakki doko e ikimashita ka.               Where did you go a while ago ?
    4.  Watashi wa doko emo ikimasen deshita.          I didn’t  go anywhere.
    5.  Anata wa doko e ikimasu ka.                            Where will you go ?  ( do you go )
    6.  Utto-san wa Davao e ikimasen.                                    Mr. Utto will not go to Davao. ( does not go )              
    7.  Watashi wa Baguer e  ikimasu.                                     I go to Baguer.
        In Japanese as in other languages, there are regular and irregular verbs. However, irregular verbs are very few in number – only two basic verbs in all. All the rest of the verbs are regular with exception of a few which are slightly irregular in some respects. 
        The Japanese verbs are of two kinds – “Godan” verbs and “ichidan” verbs. The “godan” verbs, literally five row verbs, are so called because they have different bases of conjugation. They are sometimes called strong verbs or consonant verbs.  The “ichidan” verbs, literally one row verbs, are so called because they have been thought to have only one base of conjugation. They are sometimes called weak verbs  or vowel verbs.
         The dictionary form of all “ichidan” verbs ends either in “iru” or “eru”. All other regular verbs belong to the “godan” verbs with few exceptions. The following verbs ends in “eru” or “iru” but they are “godan” verbs ; hairu; kaeru; mairu; iru; kiru and shiru. 

 Some common verbs
  Group 1( Godan verbs ) Ends in u, ku, gu, su, tsu, nu, bu, mu and ru. – replace funal u with imasu
       1.  nomu – to drink                       12.  hanasu – to speak            22.  aru – to be ;  exist
       2.  yomu – to read                        13.  iku – to go                        23.  asobu – to play
       3.  kau – to buy                            14.  oyogu – to swim               24.  machigau – to make a mistake
       4.  narau – to learn                       15.  shinu – to die                    25.  kasu – to lend
       5.  kaku – to write                        16.  matsu – to wait                 26.  tsukau – to use
       6.  isogu – to hurry                       17.  toru – to take                    27.  ageru – to give, to offer
       7.  morau – to receive; be given 18.  kaeru – to return              28.  taberu – to eat
       8.  aruku – to walk                       19.  mairu – to come, go         29.  iru – to need; to require     
       9.  hairu – to enter, get in             20. kaesu – to return something;  to give back
     10.  okuru – to send                        21.  wakaru – to understand ;  to be comprehensible
     11. kiru – to cut ; to wear

   Group 2  ( Ichidan verbs ) replace the final ru with masu.
       1.  okiru – to get up ; to wake up                                     6.  neru – to sleep ; to go to sleep
2.  oshieru – to teach                                           7.  wasureru – to forget
3.  miseru – to show , to let someone see           8.  miru – to see ;  to watch ; to look at
       4.  hajimeru – to begin                                         9.  shimeru – to shut
       5.  akeru – to open                                    

   Group 3  ( Irregular verbs )
       1.  kuru – to come                                                8.  mite kuru – to go and see 
       2.  suru – to do                                                     9.  karite kuru – to go and borrow
       3.  itte kuru – to go and come back                    10.  chumon suru – to order; to give an order
       4.  katte kuru – to go and buy                             11.  ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
       5.  kiite kuru – to go and inquire                          12.  sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
       6.  totte kuru – to fetch                                        13.  benkyo suru – to study; to work 
       7.  motte kuru – to bring                                      


Dictionary form    
Present tense     
Past tense     
Present negative       
Past negative
Meaning
nomu
nomimasu
nomimashita
nomimasen
nomimasen deshita
drink
Kasu
kashimasu
kashimashita
kashimasen
kashimasen deshita
lend
Aruku
arukimasu
arukimashita
arukimasen
arukimasen deshita
walk

 New words
    1.  riyu – a reason                           9.  yomikata – reading; how to read   17.  denwa – telephone
    2.  imi – meaning                          10.  chawan – cup                                18.  tama – ball
    3.  koppu – a glass; tumbler          11.  saji – a spoon                                 19.  ana – hole           
    4.  kotoba – a word; a language    12.  banjo – toilet                                  20.  fujin – lady
    5.  machi – a town; a street            13.  dempo - telegram                         21.  gohan – meal                          
    6.  yane – roof                                14.  kagi – key                                                 22.  bara – rose 
    7.  tarai – basin                               15.  hari – needles                                23.  nezumi – mouse        
    8.  ame – rain                                 16.  tamago – eggs                              24.  koori – ice 
     25.  sakki – a while ago                                            48.  kissaten – coffee shop      
     26.  doko emo – anywhere                                        49.  eigakan – movie theater       
     27.  doko nimo – nowhere                                         50.  asoko – over there            
     28.  depaato – department                                        51.  soko – there                        
     29.  yuubinkyoku – post office                                  52.  koko – here                                     
     30.  shokudoo – dining room                                    53.  resutoran – restaurant           
     31.  kado – corner                                                    54.  toire – comfort room         
     32.  kusuriya – drugstore                                          55.  juutakuchi – residential area
     33.  Rizal kooen – Rizal Park                                     56.  rajio kasetto – radio cassette
     34.  Santiago Yoosai – Fort  Santiago                       57.  suupaamaaketto – supermarket 
     35.  ginkoo – bank                                                   58.  eki – station
     36.  shootengai – shopping district                           59.  shiyakusho – City hall
     37.  taiikukan – gymnasium                                       60.  ichiba – market ( place )
     38.  keibajoo – horse racing track                              61.  Bunka Kaikan – Cultural Center       
     39.  teiryuujoo – a stopping place, bus stop                62.  Kokusai kuukoo – International Airport
     40.  Kokunai kuukoo – Domestic Airport                    63.  nyuugaku shaken – entrance examination
     41.  shoogakkoo – elementary school                       64.  Nihon taishikan – Embassy of Japan
     42.  taishikan – embassy                                          65.  Gaimushoo – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
     43.  hakubutsukan – museum                                    66.  daigakusei – university student
     44.  Monbushoo – Ministry of Education                   67.  gimukyooiku – compulsory education
     45.  kootoogakkoo – senior high school                    68.  daigaku – university / college
     46.  toshokan – library                                              69.  Kokusai kaigijoo – International Convention Center
     47.  chuugakkoo – junior high school                                                                                         

 Nani ka          Nani ga           Nani mo   
            Nani ga is use as a subject, nani mo is use with negative expressions.
     Ya  –   ya and to  are different in what they imply; i. e  Anata to watashi  == you and I
                        Anata ya watashi  ==  you and I and other people like us.
     Nado  –  and so forth; and the like; and so on.  Nado is used as a final element in enumerating.
          Ex.  Hon ya jibiki ya empitsu nado ga arimasu == There are books, dictionaries pencils and the like.

 Expression of Existence
        a) Ga arimasu – is used inanimate things ( things which cannot move by itself)
        b) Ga imasu – is used for animate things.
                        1.  Nani ka arimasu ka. Is there anything ? ( inanimate object )
                        2.  Nani ga arimasu ka.  What is there ?  ( inanimate object )
                        3.  Nani mo arimasen.                There is nothing. 
                        4.  Nani ka imasu ka.                 Is there one ?  ( living object )
                        5.  Dare ka imasu ka.                 Is there anybody ?
                        6.  Dare ga imasu ka.                Who is there ?  ( people only )
                        6.  Iie, nani mo arimasen.           No, there is nothing. ( inanimate object )
                        7.  Iie, dare mo imasen              No, there is nobody.  ( people only )
                        8.  Nani ga imasu ka.                 What is there ?  ( animate object )

  Sentences :  
   1. Anatagata no gakkoo wa doko ni arimasu ka.                           Where is your school ?
   2. Watashi no gakkoo wa Nihon Taishikan no soba ni arimasu.   Our school is beside the Japnese embassy.
   3. Rustan depaato wa doko ni arimasu ka.                                    Where is Rustan department store ?
   4. Intercontinental Hoteru no mae ni arimasu.                               It is in front of Intercontinental  hotel.
   5. Taishikan no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka.                                 What is beside the embassy ?
   6. Ginkko ya depaato ya suupaamaketto nado ga arimasu.        There are banks, department store,
                                                                                                                             supermarket and others.
   7. Kusuriya mo arimasu ka.                                                     Is there a drugstore too ?
   8. Iie, kusuriya wa arimasen.                                                     No, there is no drugstore.
   9. Anata no uchi wa doko ni arimasu ka.                                   Where is your house ?
 10. Watashi no uchi wa Tokyoo ni arimasu.                                 My house in in Tokyo.
 11. Tokyoo no doko ni arimasu.                                                             Where is it in Tokyo ?
 12. Tokyoo no Meguro ni arimasu.                                             It is in Meguro, Tokyo.
 13. Meguro yuubinkyoku no chikaku desu.                                 It is near the Meguro post office.
 14. Sato-san wa doko ni imasu ka.                                             Where is Mr. Sato ?
 15. Toire wa asoko ni arimasu.                                                  The comfort room is over there.

Numerals and Counting
    Rudiments of Japanese counting : Native Japanese counting system
            Hitotsu   –  one                                    muttsu             –  six
            Futatsu  –  two                                    nanatsu           –  seven
            Mittsu    –  Three                                 yattsu              –  eight
            Yottsu    –  four                                   kokonotsu       –  nine
            Itsutsu    –  five                                    too                   –  ten



  Chinese Counting system  used by the Japanese
            Ichi                  –   one                         roku                –   six  
            Ni                     –   two                        shichi / nana   –   seven
            San                  –   three                       hachi               –   eight
            Shi / yon          –   four                         kyuu                –   nine           
            Go                   –   five                          juu                   –   ten 
            rei                    –   zero                        sanju                –   thirty
            juuichi              –   eleven                    sanjuu-ichi,     –   thirty one   
            juuni                 –   twelve                     yonjuu                         –   forty           
            juusan              –   thirteen                   yonjuu-ichi       –   forty one    
            juushi , etc,      –   fourteen , etc.         guu/ gojuu       –   fifty            
            nijuu                 –   twenty                    gojuu-ichi         –   fifty one                 
            nijuuichi           –   twenty one                         hyaku              –   one hundred                      
            nijuuni              –   twenty two              nihyaku           –   two hundred
            nijuusan           –   twenty three           sen                  –   one thousand
            nijuusan           –   twenty three           juuman            –   one hundred thousand      
            nijuushi, etc.    –   twenty four, etc.    

 Numeral Classifiers / Counters
    1.  nin – for persons                                    9.  dai – for vehicles
    2.  wa – for birds                                       10.  ken – for houses and buildings
    3.  hiki – for animals and fish                     11. choo – for things with handles
    4.  hon – for long or cylindrical objects      12.  soku – for things worn on feet, pairs of footwears
    5.  hai – for cupfuls, containerful              13.  soo – for ships or boats
    6.  mai – for flat things                               14.  kai – for number of times, classifier for floors or storeys   
    7.  tsu – for pairs                                        15.  ko – for bundles, parcels
    8.  en – suffix for Japanese money

  Days of the week :
   1.  Nichiyoobi – Sunday                    4.  Suiyoobi – Wednesday                 7.  Doyoobi – Saturday
   2.  Getsuyoobi – Monday                 5.  Mokuyoobi – Thursday
   3.  Kayoobi – Tuesday                      6.  Kinyoobi – Friday

  Months of the Year :
   1.  ichigatsu – January                     5.  gogatsu – May                   9.  kugatsu – September
   2.  nigatsu – February                      6.  rokugatsu – June               10.  juugatsu – October
   3.  sangatsu – March                       7.  shichigatsu – July               11.  juuicjigatsu – November
   4.  shigatsu – April                            8.  hachigatsu – August          12.  juunigatsu – December

  Counting People
   1.  hitori – one             4.  yunin – four                     7.  sichinin – seven          10.  juunin – ten
   2.  futari – two             5.  gonin – five                     8.  hachinin – eight
   3.  sannin – three        6.  rokunin – six                    9.  kyuunin – nine

   Counting in multiples of ten
   10 – juu                    40 – yonjuu                             70 – nanajuu                 100 – hyaku
   20 – nijuu                  50 – gojuu                               80 – hachijuu
   30 – sanjuu               60 – rokujuu                            90 – kyuujuu
 Counting in multiples of one hundred
   100 – hyaku                400 – yonhyaku                   700 – nanahyaku          1000 – sen
   200 – nihyaku             500– gohyaku                      800 – happyaku
   300 – sanhyaku          600 – roppyhaku                  900 – kyuuhyaku
 Counting in multiples of  one thousand
    1,000 – sen                 5,000– gosen                9,000 – kyuusen                10,000,000 – senman   
    2,000 – nisen               6,000 – rokusen            10,000 – ichiman               100,000,000 – ichioku
    3,000 – sanzen            7,000 – nanasen           100,000 – juuman    
    4,000 – yonsen            8,000 – hassen             1,000,000 – hyakuman 

 How to tell the time ?
   1.  ichiji – 1 o’clock                      4.  yoji – 4 o’clock             7.  shichiji – 7 o’clock        10.  juuji – 10 o’clock
   2.  niji  –  2 o’clock                      5.  goji – 5 o’clock             8.  hachiji – 8 o’clock         11. juuichiji – 11 o’clock
   3.  sanji – 3 o’clock                     6.  rokuji – 6 o’clock         9.  kuji – 9 o’clock              12.  juuniji – 12 o’clock

     “ji” – means o’clock  and  “nanji”  means  what time?   
 
  Counter for number of minutes :

   “fun” or  “pun”  is the numeral classifier for minute and “nanpun” means “how many minutes”

    1.  ippun  – 1 minute             8.  happun – 8 minutes                     15.  sanjuugofun – 35 minutes
    2.  nifun  –  2 minutes           9.  kyuufun – 9 minutes                    16.  yojuppun – 40 minutes
    3.  sanpun – 3 minutes        10.  juppun – 10 minutes                     17.  yonjuugofun – 45 minutes
    4.  yonfun – 4 minutes        11.  juugofun – 15 minutes                 18.  gojuppun – 50 minutes
    5.  gofun  –  5 minutes,       12.  nijuppun – 20 minutes                  19.  gojuugofun – 55 minutes
    6.  roppun – 6 minutes        13.  nijuugofun – 25 minutes               20.  rokujuppun – 60 minutes
    7.  nanafun – 7 minutes      14.  sanjuppun – 30 minutes

  Examples :
              8:15 – hachiji juugofun                                  3:35 – sanji sanjuugofun
            10:20 – juuji nijuppun                                      2:25 – niji nijuugofun
            11:45 – juuichiji yonjuugofun                          1:30 – ichiji han            
            12:10 – juuniji juppun                                      5:30 – goji han
             9:10 – kuji juppun                                           4:30 – yoji han

    5 minutes before three – sanji gofun mae              It’s 5 minutes advanced – gofun susundeimasu
   10 minutes before 12  –  juuniji juppun mae             It’s 10 minutes advanced – juppun susundeimasu
   15 minutes before 10  –  juuji juugofun mae           It’s 20 minutes advanced – Nijuppun                    
                                                                                                                                         susundeimasu
     5 minutes past 9  –  kuji gofun sungi.                    It’s 5 minutes late. – gofun okureteimasu.
    10 minutes past 12 – juuniji juppun sugi.                It’s 10 minutes late. – juppun okureteimasu. 
    NOTE :
            susudeimasu – means “It’s  advanced”.
            okurete – means “it’s late”    
                        7:30 AM   –  gozen shichiji han                       4:30 PM  –  gogo yoji han      
                        11:30 AM – gozen juuichiji han                       5:30 PM  –  gogo goji han 
                         from 8:00 to 5:00   –   hachiji kara goji made
                         from 10:30 in the morning to 9:00 in the evening   –   asa juuji han kara yoru kuji made

  Dialogue ( taiwa )
    I.    A :  Ima nanji desu ka.                          What time is it now ?
          B :  Rokuji desu.                                    It’s six o’clock.
          A :  Nihon wa ima nanji desu ka           What time is it now in Japan ?
          B :  Kuji desu.                                        It’s nine o’clock.
          A.:  Gogo kuji desu ka.                         Is it 9 PM ?
          B :  Hai, soo desu.                                 Yes it is. 

 Dialogue II      A :  Sumimasen, nanji desu ka ?         Excuse me, what time is it ?
                        B :  Yoji nijuupun desu.                        It’s  four twenty.
                        A. :  Arigatoo gozaimasu.                    Thank you.
                        B :  Doo itashimashite.                        You’re welcome.

Days of the Month   
            tsuitachi – 1st day                    juuichinichi – 11th day                                     nijuuichinichi – 21st day
            futsuka – 2nd day                    juuninichi – 12th day                            nijuuninichi – 22nd day
            mikka – 3rd day                       juusannichi – 13th day                                     nijuusannichi – 23rd day
            yokka – 4th day                       juuyokka – 14th day                            nijuuyokka – 24th day
            itsuka – 5th day                       juugonichi – 15th day                           nijuugonichi – 25th day
            muika – 6th day                       juurokunichi – 16th day                       nijuurokunichi – 26th day
            nanoka – 7th day                     juushichinichi – 17th day                     nijuushichinichi – 27th day
            yooka – 8th day                       juuhachinichi – 18th day                      nijuuhachinichi – 28th day
            kokonoka – 9th day                 juukunichi – 19th day                           nijuukunichi – 29th day
            tooka – 10th day                      hatsuka – 20th day                              sanjuunichi – 30th day
                                                                                                                        sanjuuichinichi – 31st day
Vocabulary words :
            takusan –  many, a lot, plenty                          mise – store; shop
            ten–in    –  sales clerk                                      nannin – how many ( persons )
            peso – peso                                                      Ikura – how much
            doru – dollar                                                    kippu – ticket
            sangurasu – sunglasses                                  tamago – egg
            koohii – coffee                                                 Nihon ryoori – Japanese food
            ocha – green tea                                              Chuuka ryoori – Chinese food
            koocha – black tea                                          Firipin ryoori – Filipino food
            miruku – milk                                                   Kankoku ryoori – Korean food
            koora – coke                                                    Kaisen ryoori – seafoods
            biiru – beer                                                       ebi – fish
            pan – bread                                                      sakana – fish
            gohan – rice ( cooked )                                    yasai – vegetables
            mizu – water                                                    niku – meat
            juusu – juice                                                      ima – now
              choodo – exactly ; just                                    asa – morning
              yoru – night; evening                                      mae – before
              kara – from                                                     sugi – past
              made – until ;  up to                                        han – half past
              susundeimasu – advanced/ be too fast          ji – o’clock
              okureteimasu – late / be too slow                   pun/ fun – minute
              hiru – afternoon                                               tokei – watch; clock
              shoogo – noon                                                atteimasu – right; keep good time 
              kinoo – yesterday                                           kyoo – today
              ashita – tomorrow                                           yuube – last night
              konban – tonight                                             ototoi – the day before yesterday
              asatte – the day after tomorrow                     mainichi – everyday
              tokidoki – sometimes                                      kongetsu – this month
              sengetsu – last month                                     raigetsu – next month
              konshuu – this week                                       senshuu – last week
              raishuu – next week                                        kotoshi – this month
              kyonen – last year                                          rainen – next year
            nin – numeral classifier for persons. It is added to the Chinese-style numerals.
            ikutsu – how many ( inquire about the number of things); 
                          how old ( inquire about somebody’s age )
   Sentences :
            1.  Anata wa nani o nomimasu ka.                 What do you drink ?
            2.  Watashi wa koocha o nomimasu.                         I drink tea.
            3.  Anata wa biiru o nomimasu ka.                 Do you drink beer ?
            4.  Hai, biiru o nomimasu.                               Yes, I drink beer.
            5.  Anata wa doo desu ka.                              How about you ?
            6.  Watashi mo biiru o nomimasu.                  I drink beer, too.
            7.  I eat Japanese food.                                  Watashi wa Nihon ryoori o tabemasu.
            8.  She doesn’t eat Chinese food.                   Kanojo wa Chuuka ryoori o tabemasen.


  AI  NI  TSUITE  ( ABOUT LOVE )

   1.  ai suru – to love                                                   25.  shinkon ryoko - honeymoon
   2.  honto ni – truly                                                    26.  uwaki – unfaithful
   3.  ai – love                                                               27.  wakareru – break-up / separate
   4.  eien ni – forever                                                  28. rikon suru – divorce
   5.  watashi aishiteimasu ka – do you love me         29.  kinenbi – anniversary
   6.  deto – date                                                          30.  tanoshimimasu – enjoy
   7.  koi ni chiru – fall in love                                      31.  funo – impotent
   8.  kudoku – woe                                                     32.  dosei suru – live together out of wedlock
   9.  hatsukoi – first love                                             33.  ai no monogatari – love story
 10.  kokorogawari nai – will never change                34.  konyakusha/ koibito – sweetheart 
 11.  Aishiteimasu – I love you                                    35.  konyakuchu no otoko – fiance ( nobyo )
 12.  rabureta – love letter                                           36.  konyakuchu no onna – fiancée ( nobya )
 13.  konyaku – engagement                                      37.  Shinumade hanasanai – Till Death do us part
 14.  kisu – kiss                                                           38.  renai kankei – love affair
 15.  daku – hug                                                          39.  joji – romance
 16.  aibu – caress                                                       40.  koi wazurai – love-sick
 17.  yakimochi – jealous                                            41.  iro jikake – fake love
 18.  ki ga au – compatible                                          42.  renai kekkon – love marriage
 19.  ki ga awa nai – incompatible                              43.  miai kekkon – arranged marriage
 20.  yakusoka – promise                                           44.  au basho – meeting place
 21.  aishiau – love each other                                    45.  kekkon mae no sekkus – premarital sex
 22.  aishiaimasho – let us love each other                 46.  ninshin – pregnant
 23.  kekkon shimasho – let us get married                47.  ryuzan – abortion
 24.  aishimasho – let us make love                           48.  akachan o orosu – miscarriage
                                                                                   49.  aibiki – secret rendezvous