Vocabulary
words : Country People
hata – flag Doitsu – Germany Doitsujin – German
hako – box Kanada – Canada
neko
– cat Chugoku
– China
uchi
/ ie – house Indo –
India Indojin
– Indian
Roshia
– Russia
The Parts of the body :
karada
– body koshi –
hips atama –
head
ude
– arms kao –
face ke –
hair
hana
– nose te –
hands kuchi
– mouth
hiza
– knees hoho –
cheeks kubi – neck
hitai
– forehead tekubi –
wrist me – eyes
ashi
– legs ( foot ) ago –
chin kata –
shoulders
mimi
– ears kuchibiro
– lips hifu –
skin
senaka
– back hige – beard
wakinoshita –
armpit
mayuge
– eyebrow shita – tongue mune – chest
kakato
– heels hara –
stomach yubi –
fingers
ha
– tooth chi
– blood hone
– bone
iki
– breath tsume
– fingernails noo – brain
shinzoo
– heart hai – lung chichi – breast
STUDY OF THE FIVE W’s
Who, what, where, when and why or the 5
W’s in the English language are used in asking questions. The same principles
and uses in asking questions in Nihongo and the ka is used in place of a
question mark.
1.
dare – who 4.
doko – where
2. doshite / naze – why 5. itsu – when
2. doshite / naze – why 5. itsu – when
3.
nani ( nan ) – what
Examples :
1. Dare desu ka or donata desu
ka. Who are you ? ( donata more polite than
dare.
2.
Nan desu ka. What is it ?
3.
Nani ga arimasu ka. What is there or What have you ?
4.
Doko desu ka. Where is it ?
5.
Kare / Kanojo wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is he / she ?
6.
Doshite kimasu ka. Why do you come ?
7.
Itsu kimasu ka / itsu ikimasu ka. When do you come ? / When do you go ?
Exercises :
1.
Hon wa doko ni imasu ka. Where
are the book ?
2.
Ano hito wa dare desu ka. Who
is that man ?
3. Anata wa doko ni ikimasu ka. Where are
you going ?
4. Kutsu wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where are
the shoes ?
5.
Kami wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where
is the paper ?
6.
Ringo wa doko ni imasu ka. Where
are the apples ?
7. Kaban wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is the bag ?
New words :
1.
kago – basket 7.
heya – room 13.
omoi – heavy
2.
hako – box 8.
ringo – apple 14.
nimots’(nimotsu) – baggage, luggage
3. mado – window 9.
mikan – orange 15.
kaban – bag, brief case, traveling bag
4. mizu – water 10. donata no – whose
16.
ts’tsumi ( tsutsumi ) – a package, a bundle
5. kutsu – shoes 11. okii – large, big 17.
shobai – business, trade, profession
6. ki – tree 12.
chisaii – small, tiny
18. karui – light ( in weight )
Lesson 3 : PERSONAL
PRONOUNS
Singular form Plural
form
1. watashi
– I watakushidomo
/ watashi tachi – we
2. anata
– you anata tachi / anata gata –
you
3. kare
– he karera –
they
kanojo
– she kanojo
tachi – they
Possessive pronouns : Use
no to show possession after the
personal pronouns :
watashi no – my watashi tachi no – our
anata no – your anata tachi no/ anata gata
no – your
kare
no – his karera
no – their
kanojo
no – her kanojo
tachi no – their
Note:
1.
“tachi” or “ra” means plural in number.
2.
“karera” is used when referring to a group composed of males and
females. “karera” being the plural male form of “he” ( they ) naturally
dominate and encompasses “kanojo” ( they for females ).
Vocabulary words
hoteru – hotel shumi – hobby kuruma – car
sekken – soap zasshi –
magazine shimbun – newspaper
byooin – hospital tomodachi –
friend kabe – wall
kaisha – company, office eiga – movie hankachi – handkerchief
tokei – watch saifu
– wallet kaaten – curtain
doa – door kuuraa – air conditioner
Examples :
“no” used as possessive adjective
1. Kore wa anata no sekken desu. This is your soap.
2. Are wa watashi no ie desu. That is my house.
3. Kore wa kare no kuruma desu. This is his car.
4. Kore wa Tanaka san no kaban desu. This is Mr. Tanaka’s bag.
5. Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka. What is your hobby?
“no”
used as descriptive adjective
6. Kore wa Nihon no kuruma desu. This is a Japanese car.
7. Tani san wa eigo no sensei desu. Mr. Tani is an English teacher.
8. Are wa Amerika no eiga desu ka. Is that an American
movie ?
Note :
The particle “no” placed between two nouns usually makes the first noun
the modifier of the second noun. Thus, “watashi no tomodachi” means my friend.
This no usually corresponds to “of” or ‘s.
Anata
no tomodachi – your friend. Sato-san
no kuruma – Mr. sato’s car
Watashi
tachi no shimbun – our newspaper watashi no tokei – my watch
Common occupations
kaikei-gakari – accountant ginkoo-in – bank employee ten-in – sales clerk
eiyooshi – nutritionist kaisha-in – company employee shachoo – company president
gaikookan – diplomat isha – doctor ha-isha – dentist
kangofu – nurse taishikan-in – embassy employee gishi – engineer
jaanarisuto – journalist untenshu – driver shufu – housewife
bengoshi – lawyer iyayu – actress ongakuka – musician
danyu – actor jimu-in – office worker/ clerk
kookanshu – operator (telephone)
gaka – painter keikan
– policeman koomu-in – public servant
bijinesuman – businessman scholar – gakusha gakusei
– student
sakka – writer hisho
– secretary kankoo gaido – tour guide
gaadoman – security guard uketsukegakari – receptionist sensei / kyoshi – teacher
sojiin – cleaner (janitor) keeji – detective yosaichi – dressmaker
sejyusi – pilot syomin – merchant jitsugyoka – businessman
roodoosha – worker/ laborer hooka – farmer taiku – carpenter
bobi – waiter kasyu – singer jugjoin – employee
gyohu – fisherman romusya – laborer bengoshi – lawyer
syosetsuka – novelist shimbunkisya
– journalist daijin – minister
kikaiko – mechanic
Languages:
Go – means language. It is used as a suffix in one’s country denoting
his / her native language.
Chuugokugo
– Chinese language Nihongo
– Japanese language
Firipingo
– Filipino language Eigo
– English language
Kankokugo
– Korean language Supeingo
– Spanish language
Doitsugo
– German language Indogo
– Indian language
Taigo
– Thai language Gaikokugo
– Foreign language
Expression to tell how one looks like :
1.
mitai desu – look (s) like
2.
ni miemasen – do (es) not look alike
Example :
1. Anata wa Nihonjin mitai desu. You
look like a Japanese.
2. Anata wa Doitsujin ni miemasen. You don’t look like a German.
Basic grammar : 1.
Anata wa Kato san desu ka. Are
you Mr. Kato ?
2.
Hai, soo desu. Yes,
I am.
3.
Kore wa saifu desu ka. Is
this a wallet ?
4.
Iie, chigaimasu. No,
it isn’t.
5.
Are wa sekken desu ka. Is
that a soap ?
6.
Hai, soo desu. Yes,
it is.
7. Kore wa nan desu ka. What is this ?
8.
Kore wa hon desu ka. Is
this a book
9.
Iie, chigaimasu. No,
it isn’t.
10. Kore isu desu ka. Is this a chair ?
11. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
12. Are wa isu desu ka. Is that a chair ?
13. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
14.
Kore wa mado desu ka. Is
this a window ?
15.
Iie, sore wa doa desu. No,
that is a door.
Note :
“Hai
soo desu”, is use to affirm a statement said by the other party. This is used
in reply only to a
“be – verb”. For instance, an American is
ask “Amerikajin desu ka.” The American
can affirm by
answering “Hai, soo desu” or “Iie,
chigaimasu” to deny the truth of a statement said by another
person.
Literally, “Iie, chigaimasu” means
“No, its different”.
Daily
Expressions :
1. Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen Excuse
me.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita I’m
sorry.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. Sorry to have disturbed you.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. Please
come in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. Please
sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. . Thank you.
8. Doo itashimashite. . Don’t
mention it.
9. Chotto matte kudasai. Wait
a moment please.
10.
Koko de matte ite kudasai. Wait here
till I get back.
11.
Omatase itashimashita. I am sorry to have
kept you waiting.
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. Hold
your line please.
13.
Hanashichuu desu. Line is busy.
14. Sayoonara. Good
bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. Goodnight
16. Itte mairimasu. I’m
going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. Good
bye, have a nice time.
18. Tadaima.
I
am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. Welcome
back.
NOTES :
1. Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen –
Excuse me.
This is use to express an apology when
you interrupt someone in a conversation. Also, when you
want to excuse
yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who will stay behind as
an apology for leaving ahead of them.
2.
Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita
– I’m sorry.
This is use to express an apology when
you ask for someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping on hi
foot. “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by
children and women than “sumimasen deshita”.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. –
Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. –
Sorry to have disturbed you.
These two expressions are used when one
is about to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before leaving
another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita”
which means “I’m sorry to have
disturbed you”.
The difference between Excuse me (
shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen
deshita ) :
The difference between these two is
that Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is
normally said before the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or
sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been accomplished.
Excuse me is said when you cause the
inconvenience or disturbance to another. For example you want to : a. pass
through between two people engaged in conversation.
b.
interrupt the conversation of someone else.
c. get off the elevator and
someone’s blocking the way out.
d. catch the attention of
another.
e. reach for the dish across the
table.
I’m sorry is said when :
a. you’ve done something wrong.
b.
you want to ask for pardon or express apology.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. –
Please come in.
This is said when you greet a visitor at
the entrance of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. –
Please sit down.
You say this as a sign of courtesy when
you invite another to sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. .
– Thank you.
This one of the most common expression of
thanks. When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends, “gozaimasu”
is often omitted.
8. Doo itashimashite. . –
Don’t mention it.
Literally means “why or how come”. The idea
of the sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no reason to say
so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it, Not at all, You are welcome, That’s
alright , etc.”
9. Chotto matte kudasai. –
Wait a moment please.
This is said when you want someone to
wait for you. This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. – Wait here till I get back.
Literally, it means “please wait and stay
here”. This is said when you want to
tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain
place while you go elsewhere.
11. Omatase itashimashita. –
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
You will say this when you have made
somebody wait for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. –
Hold your line please.
This used when talking on the telephone
to tell the other party to wait for a while.
13. Hanashichuu desu. –
Line is busy.
This also another telephone expression.
14. Sayoonara. –
Good bye. 15. Oyasumi nasai. –
Goodnight
This can be use when you say farewell
to somebody who is about to leave. As a
daily expression, it can be use in the office, or in school when you leave that
place and won’t meet one another until the next day. But if you leave from one place late in the
evening, you’d better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions are
used together as “Sayoonara, oyasumi nasai”.
16. Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m
leaving. 17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye,
have a nice time.
This is addressed to someone left in
the house, office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and come back
here.” The way to respond to this
expression is to say “Itte rasshai.” The
literal meaning is “Go for a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
18.
Tadaima. – I am back. 19. Okaeri nasai.
– Welcome back.
When you return from work or after
having met some appointment, you say “Tadaima.
To those who were left behind. The response from them should be “okaeri
nasai” whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”.
BASIC GRAMMAR : Kono,
Sono & Ano
Kono,
Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately before nouns. They are
never used alone.
Kore,
Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and
Ano are never followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence. They are always followed by a noun.
Examples ( Reibun ) : Kono kaban – this bag Sono zasshi – that
magazine
Ano hito – that person Ano hoteru – that hotel
Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
1. Kono pen wa watashi no desu. This
pen is mine.
Kore wa pen desu. This
is a pen.
2. Sono saifu wa watashi no desu. That wallet is mine.
Sore wa saifu desu. That is a
wallet
Use the words given in the parenthesis to
make a sentence.
1.
Kore wa watashi no hon desu. This
is my book. ( your, his, her, ours,
theirs )
2.
Kono hon wa watashi no desu. This
book is mine. ( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
3.
Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu. That
house is Mr. Takasi’s. ( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss
Sato’s,
Miss
Suzuki’s, Mrs. Yataki’s )
Useful expressions :
1.
Wakarimasu ka. Do you
understand ? 7. Shitte imasu ka. Do you know ?
2.
Wakarimasu. I
understand. 8. Shirimasen. I
don’t know.
3.
Wakarimasen. I
don’t understand. 9. Shitte imasu. I know.
4. Wakarimashita ka. Did you understand ?
10. Doo desu ka. How
is it ?
5.
Wakarimashita. I
understood. 11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
6.
Wakarimasen deshita. I
didn’t understand.
“mo” is a particle which adds the sense
of also, too. Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes the
place
of “wa” as in the following sentences :
of “wa” as in the following sentences :
1. Kono hito wa gakusei desu. This person is a student.
Kono hito mo gakusei desu. This person is also a student.
2.
Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu. Mr.
Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
Yataki-san mo Nihongo no sensei desu. Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language
teacher.
“mo”
is also used in a negative sentence as in the following sentences :
1. Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen. This is
not a dictionary.
Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen. That is not a dictionary
either.
2.
Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
Ikeda
san mo koomuin dewa arimasen. Miss Ikeda is not a government employee either.
New words ( Adjectives )
wakai
– young oishii
– delicious omoshiroi
– interesting
yasashii
– easy; kind muzukashii –
difficult ookii – big
chiisai
– small atarashii
– new
New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
kyookai
– church terebi – television shiken – examination
bangumi
– program ( t
v
) kawa – river sakki – a while ago
doko
emo – (not ) anywhere doko nimo – nowhere yuubinkyoku – post office
depaato
– department store
Examples :
1.
Kanojo wa wakai desu. She
is young.
2. Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu. My house is small.
3. Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu. That hotel is new.
4.
Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This
movei is interesting.
PURE ADJECTIVES :
atsui – hot / thick tsuyoi – strong samui – cold ( weather )
yowai – weak usui – thin tsumetai – cold ( object )
yoi – good katai – hard warui – bad
mazui – unsavory; unskillful yawarakai – soft hazukashii – ashamed
takai – tall / expensive tanoshii – pleasant hikui – low
sabishii – lonely yasui – cheap subarashii – wonderful
nagai – long isogashii – busy mijikai – short
ooi – many sei
ga takai – tall ( person ) sukunai – few
omoi – heavy sei ga hikui – short ( person ) nigai
– bitter
amai – sweet karui – light suppai – sour
hiroi – wide suzushii – cool semai – narrow
atatakai – warm akai – red chikai – near
shiroi – white tooi – far kiiroi – yellow
kuroi – black hayai – early / fast kurai – dark
osoi – late / slow akarui – bright fukai – deep
aoi – blue asai
– shallow kawaii – cute
BASIC GRAMMAR
1. Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu. This book is not
interesting.
2.
Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu. My
watch is cheap.
3. Anata no uchi ( ie ) wa chikai
desu ka. Is your
house near ?
In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is
conjugated as follows :
Present affirmative Present negative Past affirmative Past negative
omoshiroi omoshirokunai
omoshirokatta omoshirokunakatta
yasui yasukunai yasukatta yasukunakatta
chikai
chikakunai chikakatta chikakunakatta
yawarakai
yawarakakunai yawarakakatta yawarakakunakatta
Note :
All pure adjectives end in letter
“i” ; however they are conjugated
in cases where they are used as complements in a be–verb sentence. For example,
in the sentence “ subject , wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a
complement. In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and whether its
negative or positive, pure adjective should be conjugated by dropping the final
“i” and replacing it with “kunai”, “katta” ,
and “kunakatta”.
Type A ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
1. Kare wa sei ga takai desu. He is tall. (
present affirmative, sei ga
takai )
2.
Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu. She is not busy. ( Present negative, isogashikunai)
3.
Shiken
wa muzukashikatta desu. The
examination was difficult.
(
past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
4.
Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu. That movie
was not interesting.
( past negative, omoshiro kunakatta )
Type B
( Interrogative sentences )
1.
Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka. Was
the test difficult ?
( past
affirmative, muzukashikatta )
2.
Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka. Wasn’t the test difficult ?
( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
3. Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka. Is he tall
? ( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
4.
Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka. Isn’t he
tall ? ( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
5.
Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka. Is Mr. Yamada busy ? (present affirmative, ishogashii )
6.
Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka. Was
she busy ? ( past affirmative, isogashikatta )
BASIC GRAMMAR : Verb
“to go” together with its propositions
“e” or “ni”
“e” or
“ni” is a particle to indicate
the destination and the direction. You can always use this particle after
places, such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan
According
to the English grammar, any kind of verb has its own conjugation in the
sentence such as :
go goes went gone going
( root ) ( present ) ( past ) ( past particle ) ( present participle )
go goes went gone going
( root ) ( present ) ( past ) ( past particle ) ( present participle )
iku
– to go
PRESENT TENSE
|
PAST TENSE
|
||||
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
ikimasu
|
ikimasen
|
ikimasu ka
|
ikimashita
|
ikimasen deshita
|
ikimashita ka
|
mashoo – (
lets ) nasai – ( order form )
In Nihongo, all verbs have their own
conjugations, too. Most of the common verbs have the letter “u” at the end of
the word, such as “iku”. When the verb is used in the sentence, the letter “u”
can get each conjugation depending on the use in the sentence.
English and Japanese grammars are similar
to each other when it comes to adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modifying
nouns become complements in the sentence and adverbs modify adjectives, verbs
and other adverbs.
Kare wa Midsayap e ( ni ) ikimasu. He goes to Midsayap.
S V S V
adverb
In the example, “to Midsayap” is written
after the verb “goes” but “Midsayap e”
is written before the verb “ikimasu”. Japanese adverbs should be placed before the
modified words.
1.
Tanaka-san wa Cotabato e ikimashita. Mr.
Tanaka went to Cotabato
2. Kare wa gakkoo e ikimasen deshita. He did not
go to school.
3.
Anata wa sakki doko e ikimashita ka. Where
did you go a while ago ?
4.
Watashi wa doko emo ikimasen deshita. I
didn’t go anywhere.
5. Anata wa doko e ikimasu ka. Where will
you go ? ( do you go )
6.
Utto-san wa Davao Davao
7.
Watashi wa Baguer e ikimasu. I go to
Baguer.
In Japanese as in other languages, there are regular and irregular
verbs. However, irregular verbs are very few in number – only two basic verbs
in all. All the rest of the verbs are regular with exception of a few which are
slightly irregular in some respects.
The Japanese verbs are of two kinds –
“Godan” verbs and “ichidan” verbs. The “godan” verbs, literally five row verbs,
are so called because they have different bases of conjugation. They are
sometimes called strong verbs or consonant verbs. The “ichidan” verbs, literally one row verbs,
are so called because they have been thought to have only one base of
conjugation. They are sometimes called weak verbs or vowel verbs.
The dictionary form of all “ichidan”
verbs ends either in “iru” or “eru”. All other regular verbs belong to the
“godan” verbs with few exceptions. The following verbs ends in “eru” or “iru”
but they are “godan” verbs ; hairu; kaeru; mairu; iru; kiru and shiru.
Some common verbs
Group 1( Godan verbs ) Ends in u, ku, gu, su,
tsu, nu, bu, mu and ru. – replace funal u with imasu
1.
nomu – to drink 12. hanasu – to speak 22. aru – to be
; exist
2.
yomu – to read 13. iku – to go
23. asobu – to play
3.
kau – to buy 14. oyogu – to swim 24. machigau –
to make a mistake
4.
narau – to learn 15. shinu – to die 25. kasu –
to lend
5.
kaku – to write 16. matsu – to wait 26. tsukau –
to use
6.
isogu – to hurry 17. toru – to take 27. ageru –
to give, to offer
7.
morau – to receive; be given 18. kaeru – to return 28. taberu – to
eat
8.
aruku – to walk 19. mairu – to come, go 29. iru – to need; to require
9.
hairu – to enter, get in 20. kaesu – to return something; to give back
10.
okuru – to send
21.
wakaru – to understand ; to be
comprehensible
11. kiru – to cut ; to wear
Group 2
( Ichidan verbs ) replace the final ru with masu.
1.
okiru – to get up ; to wake up 6.
neru – to sleep ; to go to sleep
2. oshieru – to teach 7. wasureru – to forget
3. miseru – to show , to let someone see 8. miru – to see ; to watch ; to look at
4.
hajimeru – to begin 9. shimeru – to shut
5.
akeru – to open
Group 3
( Irregular verbs )
1.
kuru – to come 8. mite kuru – to go and see
2.
suru – to do 9. karite kuru – to go and borrow
3.
itte kuru – to go and come back 10.
chumon suru – to order; to give an order
4.
katte kuru – to go and buy 11.
ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
5.
kiite kuru – to go and inquire 12.
sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
6.
totte kuru – to fetch 13.
benkyo suru – to study; to work
7.
motte kuru – to bring
Dictionary
form
|
Present tense
|
Past tense
|
Present
negative
|
Past negative
|
Meaning
|
nomu
|
nomimasu
|
nomimashita
|
nomimasen
|
nomimasen deshita
|
drink
|
Kasu
|
kashimasu
|
kashimashita
|
kashimasen
|
kashimasen deshita
|
lend
|
Aruku
|
arukimasu
|
arukimashita
|
arukimasen
|
arukimasen deshita
|
walk
|
New words
1.
riyu – a reason 9. yomikata – reading; how to read 17.
denwa – telephone
2.
imi – meaning 10.
chawan – cup 18. tama – ball
3.
koppu – a glass; tumbler
11. saji – a spoon 19. ana – hole
4.
kotoba – a word; a language 12.
banjo – toilet 20.
fujin – lady
5.
machi – a town; a street
13. dempo - telegram 21. gohan – meal
6.
yane – roof 14.
kagi – key 22. bara – rose
7.
tarai – basin 15.
hari – needles 23. nezumi – mouse
8.
ame – rain 16. tamago – eggs 24. koori – ice
25.
sakki – a while ago 48. kissaten – coffee shop
26.
doko emo – anywhere 49. eigakan – movie theater
27.
doko nimo – nowhere 50. asoko – over there
28.
depaato – department 51.
soko – there
29.
yuubinkyoku – post office 52. koko – here
30.
shokudoo – dining room 53. resutoran – restaurant
31.
kado – corner 54. toire – comfort room
32.
kusuriya – drugstore 55. juutakuchi – residential area
33.
Rizal kooen – Rizal Park 56. rajio kasetto – radio cassette
34.
Santiago Yoosai – Fort Santiago
35.
ginkoo – bank 58.
eki – station
36.
shootengai – shopping district 59.
shiyakusho – City hall
37.
taiikukan – gymnasium 60. ichiba – market ( place )
38.
keibajoo – horse racing track 61.
Bunka Kaikan – Cultural Center
39.
teiryuujoo – a stopping place, bus stop 62. Kokusai kuukoo – International Airport
40.
Kokunai kuukoo – Domestic Airport 63.
nyuugaku shaken – entrance examination
41.
shoogakkoo – elementary school 64.
Nihon taishikan – Embassy of Japan
42.
taishikan – embassy 65.
Gaimushoo – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
43.
hakubutsukan – museum 66.
daigakusei – university student
44.
Monbushoo – Ministry of Education 67.
gimukyooiku – compulsory education
45.
kootoogakkoo – senior high school 68.
daigaku – university / college
46.
toshokan – library 69.
Kokusai kaigijoo – International
Convention Center
47.
chuugakkoo – junior high school
Nani
ka Nani
ga Nani mo
Nani
ga is use as a subject, nani mo is use with negative expressions.
Ya
– ya and to are different in what they imply; i. e Anata to watashi == you and I
Anata ya watashi == you
and I and other people like us.
Nado
– and so forth; and the like; and
so on. Nado is used as a final element
in enumerating.
Ex.
Hon ya jibiki ya empitsu nado ga arimasu == There are books,
dictionaries pencils and the like.
Expression of Existence
a) Ga arimasu – is used inanimate
things ( things which cannot move by itself)
b) Ga imasu – is used for animate
things.
1. Nani ka arimasu ka. Is there anything ? ( inanimate object )
2. Nani ga arimasu ka. What is there ? ( inanimate
object )
3. Nani mo arimasen. There is nothing.
4. Nani ka imasu ka. Is there one ?
( living object )
5. Dare ka imasu ka. Is there anybody ?
6. Dare ga imasu ka. Who is there ?
( people only )
6. Iie, nani mo arimasen. No, there is nothing. ( inanimate object )
7. Iie, dare mo imasen No, there is nobody.
( people only )
8. Nani ga imasu ka. What is there ?
( animate object )
Sentences :
1. Anatagata no gakkoo wa doko ni arimasu
ka. Where is your
school ?
2. Watashi no gakkoo wa Nihon Taishikan no
soba ni arimasu. Our school is beside
the Japnese embassy.
3. Rustan depaato wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where is Rustan
department store ?
4. Intercontinental Hoteru no mae ni
arimasu. It is in front of Intercontinental hotel.
5. Taishikan no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka. What is beside the embassy ?
6. Ginkko ya depaato ya suupaamaketto nado
ga arimasu. There are banks,
department store,
supermarket and others.
7. Kusuriya mo arimasu ka.
Is there a drugstore too ?
8. Iie, kusuriya wa arimasen. No, there is no drugstore.
9. Anata no uchi wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where is your house ?
10. Watashi no uchi wa Tokyoo ni arimasu. My house in in Tokyo
11. Tokyoo no doko ni arimasu. Where is it in Tokyo
12. Tokyoo no Meguro ni arimasu. It is in Meguro, Tokyo
13. Meguro yuubinkyoku no chikaku desu. It is near the Meguro post office.
14. Sato-san wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is Mr. Sato ?
15. Toire wa asoko ni arimasu.
The comfort room is over there.
Numerals and
Counting
Rudiments of Japanese counting : Native Japanese counting system
Hitotsu – one
muttsu –
six
Futatsu –
two nanatsu – seven
Mittsu –
Three yattsu – eight
Yottsu –
four kokonotsu – nine
Itsutsu –
five too – ten
Chinese Counting system used by the Japanese
Ichi – one roku – six
Ni – two shichi
/ nana – seven
San – three hachi
– eight
Shi
/ yon – four kyuu
– nine
Go – five juu
– ten
rei – zero sanju
– thirty
juuichi
– eleven sanjuu-ichi, – thirty one
juuni
– twelve yonjuu
– forty
juusan
– thirteen yonjuu-ichi
–
forty one
juushi
, etc, – fourteen , etc. guu/ gojuu – fifty
nijuu
– twenty gojuu-ichi – fifty one
nijuuichi
– twenty one hyaku
– one hundred
nijuuni
– twenty two
nihyaku –
two hundred
nijuusan
– twenty three sen – one thousand
nijuusan
– twenty three
juuman –
one hundred thousand
nijuushi,
etc. –
twenty four, etc.
Numeral Classifiers / Counters
1.
nin – for persons 9. dai – for vehicles
2.
wa – for birds 10.
ken – for houses and buildings
3.
hiki – for animals and fish 11. choo – for things with handles
4.
hon – for long or cylindrical objects 12.
soku – for things worn on feet, pairs of footwears
5.
hai – for cupfuls, containerful 13.
soo – for ships or boats
6.
mai – for flat things 14.
kai – for number of times, classifier for floors or storeys
7.
tsu – for pairs 15.
ko – for bundles, parcels
8.
en – suffix for Japanese money
Days of the week :
1.
Nichiyoobi – Sunday 4.
Suiyoobi – Wednesday 7. Doyoobi – Saturday
2.
Getsuyoobi – Monday 5.
Mokuyoobi – Thursday
3.
Kayoobi – Tuesday 6.
Kinyoobi – Friday
Months of the Year :
1.
ichigatsu – January 5. gogatsu – May
9. kugatsu – September
2.
nigatsu – February 6. rokugatsu – June 10. juugatsu –
October
3.
sangatsu – March 7. shichigatsu – July 11.
juuicjigatsu – November
4.
shigatsu – April 8. hachigatsu – August 12. juunigatsu –
December
Counting People
1.
hitori – one 4.
yunin – four 7. sichinin – seven 10. juunin – ten
2.
futari – two 5.
gonin – five 8. hachinin – eight
3.
sannin – three 6.
rokunin – six 9. kyuunin – nine
Counting in multiples of ten
10 – juu 40
– yonjuu 70 –
nanajuu 100 – hyaku
20 – nijuu 50
– gojuu 80 –
hachijuu
30 – sanjuu
60 – rokujuu 90 – kyuujuu
Counting in multiples of one hundred
100 – hyaku 400 – yonhyaku 700 – nanahyaku 1000 – sen
200 – nihyaku 500– gohyaku 800 – happyaku
300 – sanhyaku 600 – roppyhaku 900 – kyuuhyaku
Counting in multiples of one thousand
1,000 – sen 5,000– gosen 9,000 – kyuusen
10,000,000 – senman
2,000 – nisen 6,000 – rokusen
10,000 – ichiman 100,000,000 – ichioku
3,000 – sanzen 7,000 – nanasen 100,000 – juuman
4,000 – yonsen 8,000 – hassen 1,000,000 – hyakuman
How to tell the time ?
1.
ichiji – 1 o’clock 4. yoji – 4 o’clock 7.
shichiji – 7 o’clock 10.
juuji – 10 o’clock
2.
niji – 2 o’clock 5.
goji – 5 o’clock 8. hachiji – 8 o’clock 11. juuichiji – 11
o’clock
3.
sanji – 3 o’clock 6.
rokuji – 6 o’clock 9.
kuji – 9 o’clock 12.
juuniji – 12 o’clock
“ji” – means o’clock and
“nanji” means what time?
Counter for number of minutes :
“fun” or
“pun” is the numeral classifier
for minute and “nanpun” means “how many minutes”
1.
ippun – 1 minute 8.
happun – 8 minutes 15. sanjuugofun – 35 minutes
2.
nifun – 2 minutes 9.
kyuufun – 9 minutes 16. yojuppun – 40 minutes
3.
sanpun – 3 minutes 10.
juppun – 10 minutes 17. yonjuugofun – 45 minutes
4.
yonfun – 4 minutes 11.
juugofun – 15 minutes 18. gojuppun – 50 minutes
5.
gofun – 5 minutes,
12. nijuppun – 20 minutes 19. gojuugofun – 55 minutes
6.
roppun – 6 minutes 13.
nijuugofun – 25 minutes 20.
rokujuppun – 60 minutes
7.
nanafun – 7 minutes 14.
sanjuppun – 30 minutes
Examples
:
8:15 – hachiji juugofun 3:35 – sanji
sanjuugofun
10:20
– juuji nijuppun 2:25
– niji nijuugofun
11:45
– juuichiji yonjuugofun 1:30
– ichiji han
12:10
– juuniji juppun 5:30
– goji han
9:10 – kuji juppun 4:30 – yoji han
5 minutes before three – sanji gofun mae It’s 5 minutes advanced – gofun
susundeimasu
10 minutes before 12 –
juuniji juppun mae
It’s 10 minutes advanced – juppun susundeimasu
15 minutes before 10 –
juuji juugofun mae It’s
20 minutes advanced – Nijuppun
susundeimasu
5 minutes past 9 – kuji
gofun sungi. It’s 5
minutes late. – gofun okureteimasu.
10 minutes past 12 – juuniji juppun sugi. It’s 10 minutes late. – juppun
okureteimasu.
NOTE :
susudeimasu
– means “It’s advanced”.
okurete
– means “it’s late”
7:30
AM –
gozen shichiji han 4:30
PM –
gogo yoji han
11:30
AM – gozen juuichiji han 5:30 PM – gogo
goji han
from 8:00 to 5:00 – hachiji
kara goji made
from 10:30 in the morning to 9:00 in the
evening – asa juuji han kara yoru kuji made
Dialogue ( taiwa )
I.
A : Ima nanji desu ka. What time is it now ?
B :
Rokuji desu. It’s
six o’clock.
A :
Nihon wa ima nanji desu ka What
time is it now in Japan
B :
Kuji desu. It’s
nine o’clock.
A.: Gogo kuji desu ka. Is it 9 PM ?
B :
Hai, soo desu. Yes
it is.
Dialogue II A
: Sumimasen, nanji desu ka ? Excuse
me, what time is it ?
B
: Yoji nijuupun desu. It’s
four twenty.
A.
: Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you.
B
: Doo itashimashite. You’re welcome.
Days
of the Month
tsuitachi
– 1st day juuichinichi
– 11th day nijuuichinichi
– 21st day
futsuka
– 2nd day juuninichi
– 12th day nijuuninichi
– 22nd day
mikka
– 3rd day juusannichi
– 13th day nijuusannichi – 23rd day
yokka
– 4th day juuyokka
– 14th day nijuuyokka
– 24th day
itsuka
– 5th day juugonichi
– 15th day nijuugonichi
– 25th day
muika
– 6th day juurokunichi
– 16th day nijuurokunichi
– 26th day
nanoka
– 7th day juushichinichi
– 17th day nijuushichinichi
– 27th day
yooka
– 8th day juuhachinichi
– 18th day nijuuhachinichi
– 28th day
kokonoka
– 9th day juukunichi – 19th day nijuukunichi – 29th
day
tooka
– 10th day hatsuka
– 20th day sanjuunichi
– 30th day
sanjuuichinichi
– 31st day
Vocabulary words :
takusan
– many, a lot, plenty mise – store; shop
ten–in –
sales clerk nannin – how many ( persons )
peso
– peso Ikura – how much
doru
– dollar
kippu – ticket
sangurasu
– sunglasses
tamago – egg
koohii
– coffee Nihon ryoori – Japanese food
ocha
– green tea Chuuka ryoori – Chinese food
koocha
– black tea Firipin ryoori – Filipino food
miruku – milk Kankoku ryoori – Korean food
koora
– coke Kaisen ryoori – seafoods
biiru –
beer ebi – fish
pan
– bread sakana – fish
gohan
– rice ( cooked ) yasai – vegetables
mizu – water niku – meat
juusu –
juice ima – now
choodo – exactly ; just asa – morning
yoru – night; evening mae – before
kara – from sugi – past
made – until ; up to han – half past
susundeimasu – advanced/ be too fast ji – o’clock
okureteimasu – late / be too slow pun/ fun – minute
hiru – afternoon tokei – watch; clock
shoogo – noon atteimasu – right; keep good time
kinoo – yesterday kyoo – today
ashita – tomorrow yuube – last night
konban – tonight ototoi – the day before yesterday
asatte – the day after tomorrow mainichi – everyday
tokidoki – sometimes kongetsu – this month
sengetsu – last month raigetsu – next month
konshuu – this week senshuu – last week
raishuu – next week kotoshi – this month
kyonen – last year rainen – next year
nin
– numeral classifier for persons. It is added to the Chinese-style numerals.
ikutsu
– how many ( inquire about the number of things);
how old ( inquire about somebody’s age )
Sentences :
1. Anata wa nani o nomimasu ka. What do you drink ?
2. Watashi wa koocha o nomimasu. I drink tea.
3.
Anata wa biiru o nomimasu ka. Do
you drink beer ?
4. Hai, biiru o nomimasu. Yes, I drink beer.
5. Anata wa doo desu ka. How about you ?
6. Watashi mo biiru o nomimasu. I drink beer, too.
7. I eat Japanese food. Watashi wa Nihon ryoori o tabemasu.
8. She doesn’t eat Chinese food. Kanojo wa Chuuka ryoori o
tabemasen.
AI NI
TSUITE ( ABOUT LOVE )
1. ai
suru – to love 25. shinkon ryoko - honeymoon
2.
honto ni – truly 26. uwaki – unfaithful
3. ai
– love 27. wakareru – break-up / separate
4.
eien ni – forever 28.
rikon suru – divorce
5.
watashi aishiteimasu ka – do you love me 29. kinenbi – anniversary
6.
deto – date 30. tanoshimimasu – enjoy
7.
koi ni chiru – fall in love 31. funo – impotent
8.
kudoku – woe 32. dosei suru – live together out of wedlock
9.
hatsukoi – first love 33. ai no monogatari – love story
10.
kokorogawari nai – will never change 34. konyakusha/ koibito – sweetheart
11.
Aishiteimasu – I love you 35. konyakuchu no otoko – fiance ( nobyo )
12.
rabureta – love letter 36. konyakuchu no onna – fiancée ( nobya )
13. konyaku
– engagement 37. Shinumade hanasanai – Till Death do us part
14.
kisu – kiss 38. renai kankei – love affair
15.
daku – hug 39. joji – romance
16.
aibu – caress 40. koi wazurai – love-sick
17.
yakimochi – jealous 41. iro jikake – fake love
18. ki
ga au – compatible 42. renai kekkon – love marriage
19. ki
ga awa nai – incompatible 43. miai kekkon – arranged marriage
20.
yakusoka – promise 44. au basho – meeting place
21.
aishiau – love each other 45. kekkon mae no sekkus – premarital sex
22.
aishiaimasho – let us love each other 46. ninshin – pregnant
23.
kekkon shimasho – let us get married
47. ryuzan – abortion
24.
aishimasho – let us make love 48. akachan o orosu – miscarriage
49. aibiki – secret rendezvous