New words :
1. kago – basket 10. donata no – whose
2. hako – box 11. okii – large, big
3. mado – window 12. chisaii – small, tiny
4. mizu – water 13. omoi – heavy
5. kutsu – shoes 14. nimots’(nimotsu) – baggage, luggage
6. ki – tree 15. kaban – bag, brief case, traveling bag
7. heya – room 16. ts’tsumi (tsutsumi)–a package,a bundle
8. ringo – apple 17. shobai – business, trade, profession
9. mikan – orange 18. karui – light ( in weight )
Lesson 3 : PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular form Plural form
1. watashi – I watakushidomo/watashi tachi – we
2. anata – you anata tachi/anata gata – you
3. kare – he karera – they
kanojo – she kanojo tachi – they
Possessive pronouns: Use no to show possession after the personal
pronouns
watashi no – my watashi tachi no – our
anata no – your anata tachi no/ anata gata no – your
kare no – his karera no – their
kanojo no – her kanojo tachi no – their
Notes:
1. “tachi” or “ra” means plural in number.
2. “karera” is used when referring to a group composed
of males and females. “karera” being the plural male
form of “he” ( they ) naturally dominate and encompasses
“kanojo” ( they for females ).
Vocabulary words
hoteru – hotel shumi – hobby
sekken – soap zasshi – magazine
byooin – hospital tomodachi – friend
kaisha – company, office eiga – movie
tokei – watch saifu – wallet
doa – door kuuraa – air conditioner
kuruma – car shimbun – newspaper
kabe – wall hankachi – handkerchief
kaaten – curtain
Examples : “no” used as possessive adjective
1. Kore wa anata no sekken desu. This is your soap.
2. Are wa watashi no ie desu. That is my house.
3. Kore wa kare no kuruma desu. This is his car.
4. Kore wa Tanaka san no kaban desu. This is Mr. Tanaka’s bag.
5. Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka. What is your hobby?
“no” used as descriptive adjective
6. Kore wa Nihon no kuruma desu. This is a Japanese car.
7. Tani san wa eigo no sensei desu. Mr. Tani is an English teacher.
8. Are wa Amerika no eiga desu ka. Is that an American movie ?
Note : The particle “no” placed between two nouns usually makes
the first noun the modifier of the second noun. Thus,
“watashi no tomodachi” means my friend. This no usually
corresponds to “of” or ‘s.
Anata no tomodachi – your friend.
Sato-san no kuruma – Mr. sato’s car
Watashi tachi no shimbun – our newspaper
watashi no tokei – my watch
Common occupations
kaikei-gakari – accountant ginkoo-in – bank employee
ten-in – sales clerk shachoo – company president
eiyooshi – nutritionist kaisha-in – company employee
gaikookan – diplomat isha – doctor
gishi – engineer ha-isha – dentist
kangofu – nurse taishikan-in – embassy employee
jaanarisuto – journalist untenshu – driver
shufu – housewife bengoshi – lawyer
iyayu – actress ongakuka – musician
danyu – actor jimu-in – office worker/ clerk
kookanshu –operator(telephone) gaka – painter
keikan – policeman koomu-in – public servant
bijinesuman – businessman scholar – gakusha
gakusei – student sakka – writer
hisho – secretary kankoo gaido – tour guide
gaadoman – security guard uketsukegakari – receptionist
sensei / kyoshi – teacher sojiin – cleaner (janitor)
keeji – detective yosaichi – dressmaker
sejyusi – pilot syomin – merchant
jitsugyoka – businessman roodoosha – worker/laborer
hooka – farmer taiku – carpenter
bobi – waiter kasyu – singer
jugjoin – employee gyohu – fisherman
romusya – laborer bengoshi – lawyer
syosetsuka – novelist shimbunkisya – journalist
daijin – minister
kikaiko – mechanic
Languages:
Go – means language. It is used as a suffix in one’s country
denoting his / her native language.
Examples :
Chuugokugo – Chinese language Nihongo – Japanese language
Firipingo – Filipino language Eigo – English language
Kankokugo – Korean language Supeingo – Spanish language
Doitsugo – German language Indogo – Indian language
Taigo – Thai language Gaikokugo – Foreign language
Expression to tell how one looks like :
1. mitai desu – look (s)like
2. ni miemasen – do(es) not look a like
Examples:
1. Anata wa Nihonjin mitai desu. You look like a Japanese.
2. Anata wa Doitsujin ni miemasen. You don’t look like a German.
Basic grammar :
1. Anata wa Kato san desu ka. Are you Mr. Kato ?
2. Hai, soo desu. Yes, I am.
3. Kore wa saifu desu ka. Is this a wallet ?
4. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
5. Are wa sekken desu ka. Is that a soap ?
6. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
7. Kore wa nan desu ka. What is this ?
8. Kore wa hon desu ka. Is this a book
9. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
10. Kore isu desu ka. Is this a chair ?
11. Hai, soo desu. Yes, it is.
12. Are wa isu desu ka. Is that a chair ?
13. Iie, chigaimasu. No, it isn’t.
14. Kore wa mado desu ka. Is this a window ?
15. Iie, sore wa doa desu. No, that is a door.
Note :
“Hai soo desu”, is use to affirm a statement said by
the other party. This is used in reply only to a
“be – verb”. For instance, an American is ask
“Amerikajin desu ka.” The American can affirm by
answering “Hai, soo desu” or “Iie, chigaimasu” to
deny the truth of a statement said by another
person. Literally, “Iie, chigaimasu” means
“No, its different”.
Daily Expressions :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen Excuse me.
2. Gomen nasai./Sumimasen deshita. I’m sorry.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. Sorry to have disturbed you.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. Please come in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. Please sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. Thank you.
8. Doo itashimashite. . Don’t mention it.
9. Chotto matte kudasai. Wait a moment please.
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. Wait here till I get back.
11. Omatase itashimashita. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. Hold your line please.
13. Hanashichuu desu. Line is busy.
14. Sayoonara. Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. Goodnight
16. Itte mairimasu. I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. Good bye, have a nice time.
18. Tadaima. I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. Welcome back.
NOTES :
1. Shitsurei shimasu./Sumimasen – Excuse me.
This is use to express an apology when you interrupt
someone in a conversation. Also, when you want to excuse
yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who
will stay behind as an apology for leaving ahead of them.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita – I’m sorry.
This is use to express an apology when you ask for
someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping
on his foot. “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by children and
women than “sumimasen deshita”.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. – Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. – Sorry to have disturbed you.
These two expressions are used when one is about
to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before
leaving another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita”
which means “I’m sorry to have disturbed you”. The
difference between Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or
sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen
deshita):
The difference between these two is that Excuse me
( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is normally said before
the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or
sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been
accomplished.
Excuse me is said when you cause the inconvenience or disturbance
to another. For example you want to :
a. pass through between two people engaged in conversation.
b. interrupt the conversation of someone else.
c. get off the elevator and someone’s blocking the way out.
d. catch the attention of another.
e. reach for the dish across the table.
I’m sorry is said when :
a. you’ve done something wrong.
b. you want to ask for pardon or express apology.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. – Please come in.
This is said when you greet a visitor at the entrance
of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. – Please sit down.
You say this as a sign of courtesy when you invite
another to sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. – Thank you.
This one of the most common expression of thanks.
When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends,
“gozaimasu” is often omitted.
8. Doo itashimashite. – Don’t mention it.
Literally means “why or how come”. The idea of the
sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no
reason to say so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it,
Not at all, You are welcome, That’s alright , etc.”
9. Chotto matte kudasai. – Wait a moment please.
This is said when you want someone to wait for you.
This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. – Wait here till I get back.
Literally, it means “please wait and stay here”.
This is said when you want to tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain place while you go elsewhere.
11. Omatase itashimashita. – I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
You will say this when you have made somebody wait
for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. – Hold your line please.
This used when talking on the telephone to tell
the other party to wait for a while.
13. Hanashichuu desu. – Line is busy.
This also another telephone expression.
14. Sayoonara. – Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. – Goodnight.
This can be use when you say farewell to somebody
who is about to leave. As a daily expression, it can
be use in the office, or in school when you leave that
place and won’t meet one another until the next day. But
if you leave from one place late in the evening, you’d
better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions
are used together as “Sayoonara,oyasumi nasai”.
16. Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye, have a nice time.
This is addressed to someone left in the house,
office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and
come back here.” The way to respond to this expression
is to say “Itte rasshai.” The literal meaning is “Go for
a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
18. Tadaima. – I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. – Welcome back.
When you return from work or after having met some
appointment, you say “Tadaima. To those who were left
behind. The response from them should be “okaeri nasai”
whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”.
BASIC GRAMMAR : Kono, Sono & Ano
Kono, Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately
before nouns. They are never used alone.
Kore, Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa”
when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and Ano are never
followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence.
They are always followed by a noun.
Examples ( Reibun ) :
Kono kaban – this bag Sono zasshi – that magazine
Ano hito – that person Ano hoteru – that hotel
Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
1. Kono pen wa watashi no desu. This pen is mine.
Kore wa pen desu. This is a pen.
2. Sono saifu wa watashi no desu. That wallet is mine.
Sore wa saifu desu. That is a wallet
Use the words given in the parenthesis to make a sentence.
1. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. This is my book.
( your, his, her, ours, theirs )
2. Kono hon wa watashi no desu. This book is mine.
( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
3. Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu. That house is Mr. Takasi’s.
( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss Sato’s, Miss Suzuki’s, Mrs. Yataki’s)
Useful expressions :
1. Wakarimasu ka. Do you understand ?
2. Wakarimasu. I understand.
3. Wakarimasen. I don’t understand.
4. Wakarimashita ka. Did you understand ?
5. Wakarimashita. I understood.
6. Wakarimasen deshita. I didn’t understand.
7. Shitte imasu ka. Do you know ?
8. Shirimasen. I don’t know.
9. Shitte imasu. I know.
10. Doo desu ka. How is it ?
11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
“mo” is a particle which adds the sense of also, too.
Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes
the place of “wa” as in the following sentences :
1. Kono hito wa gakusei desu. This person is a student.
Kono hito mo gakusei desu. This person is also a student.
2. Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
Yataki-san mo Nihongo no sensei desu.
Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language teacher.
“mo” is also used in a negative sentence as in the following
sentences :
1. Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen.
This is not a dictionary.
Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen.
That is not a dictionary either.
2. Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
Ikeda san mo koomuin dewa arimasen.
Miss Ikeda is not a government employee either.
New words ( Adjectives )
wakai – young oishii – delicious
omoshiroi – interesting yasashii – easy; kind
muzukashii – difficult ookii – big
chiisai – small atarashii – new
New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
kyookai – church terebi – television
shiken – examination sakki – a while ago
bangumi – program ( t v ) kawa – river
doko emo – (not) anywhere doko nimo – nowhere
yuubinkyoku – post office depaato – department store
Examples :
1. Kanojo wa wakai desu. She is young.
2. Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu. My house is small.
3. Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu. That hotel is new.
4. Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This movie is interesting.
PURE ADJECTIVES :
atsui – hot / thick tsuyoi – strong
yowai – weak usui – thin
yoi – good katai – hard
mazui – unsavory; unskillful yawarakai – soft
takai – tall / expensive tanoshii – pleasant
sabishii – lonely yasui – cheap
nagai – long isogashii – busy
ooi – many sei ga takai – tall ( person )
omoi – heavy sei ga hikui – short ( person )
amai – sweet karui – light
hiroi – wide suzushii – cool
atatakai – warm akai – red
shiroi – white tooi – far
kuroi – black hayai – early / fast
osoi – late / slow akarui – bright
aoi – blue asai – shallow
samui – cold ( weather ) tsumetai – cold ( object )
warui – bad hazukashii – ashamed
hikui – low subarashii – wonderful
mijikai – short sukunai – few
nigai – bitter suppai – sour
semai – narrow chikai – near
kiiroi – yellow kurai – dark
fukai – deep kawaii – cute
BASIC GRAMMAR
1. Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
This book is not interesting.
2. Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu. My watch is cheap.
3. Anata no uchi (ie) wa chikai desu ka. Is your house near ?
In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is conjugated as follows :
Present Present negative Past Past negative
affirmative affirmative
omoshiroi omoshirokunai omoshirokatta omoshirokunakatta
yasui yasukunai yasukatta yasukunakatta
chikai chikakunai chikakatta chikakunakatta
yawarakai yawarakakunai yawarakakatta yawarakakunakatta
Note : All pure adjectives end in letter “i” ;however they are
conjugated in cases where they are used as complements in
a be–verb sentence. For example, in the sentence “ subject,
wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a complement.
In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and
whether its negative or positive, pure adjective should be
conjugated by dropping the final “i” and replacing it with
“kunai”, “katta”, and “kunakatta”.
Type A ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
1. Kare wa sei ga takai desu. He is tall.
(present affirmative, sei ga takai )
2. Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu. She is not busy.
( Present negative, isogashikunai)
3. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu. The examination was difficult.
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
4. Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu.
That movie was not interesting.
( past negative, omoshiro kunakatta )
Type B ( Interrogative sentences )
1. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka. Was the test difficult ?
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
2. Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka. Wasn’t the test difficult ?
( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
3. Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka. Is he tall ?
( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
4. Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka. Isn’t he tall ?
( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
5. Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka. Is Mr. Yamada busy ?
(present affirmative, ishogashii )
6. Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka. Was she busy ?
( past affirmative, isogashikatta )
BASIC GRAMMAR :
Verb “to go” together with its propositions “e” or “ni”
“e” or “ni” is a particle to indicate the destination and
the direction. You can always use this particle after places,
such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan ),
Pikit e ( to Pikit ), etc.
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