Daily Expressions :
1. Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen Excuse me.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita I’m sorry.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. Sorry to have disturbed you.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. Please come in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. Please sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. . Thank you.
8. Doo itashimashite. . Don’t mention it.
9. Chotto matte kudasai. Wait a moment please.
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. Wait here till I get back.
11. Omatase itashimashita. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. Hold your line please.
13. Hanashichuu desu. Line is busy.
14. Sayoonara. Good bye.
15. Oyasumi nasai. Goodnight
16. Itte mairimasu. I’m going out or I’m leaving.
17. Itte rasshai. Good bye, have a nice time.
18. Tadaima. I am back.
19. Okaeri nasai. Welcome back.
NOTES :
1. Shitsurei shimasu. / Sumimasen – Excuse me.
This is use to express an apology when you interrupt someone in a conversation. Also, when you
want to excuse yourself from a gathering, you say this to the people who will stay behind as an apology for leaving ahead of them.
2. Gomen nasai. / Sumimasen deshita – I’m sorry.
This is use to express an apology when you ask for someone’s pardon for breaking his property or for stepping on hi foot. “Gomen nasai” is mostly used by children and women than “sumimasen deshita”.
3. Ojama itaashimasu. – Sorry to disturb you.
4. Ojama itashimashita. – Sorry to have disturbed you.
These two expressions are used when one is about to disturbed somebody upon entering his house. Before leaving another’s place, one says “ojama itashimashita” which means “I’m sorry to have
disturbed you”.
The difference between Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) and I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen deshita ) :
The difference between these two is that Excuse me ( shitsurei shimasu or sumimasen ) is normally said before the act or deed is done while I’m sorry ( Gomen nasai or sumimasen deshita ) is said after the act or deed has been accomplished.
Excuse me is said when you cause the inconvenience or disturbance to another. For example you want to : a. pass through between two people engaged in conversation.
b. interrupt the conversation of someone else.
c. get off the elevator and someone’s blocking the way out.
d. catch the attention of another.
e. reach for the dish across the table.
I’m sorry is said when :
a. you’ve done something wrong.
b. you want to ask for pardon or express apology.
5. Doozo ohaire kudasai. – Please come in.
This is said when you greet a visitor at the entrance of your house and you want to let him/ her in.
6. Doozo okake kudasai. – Please sit down.
You say this as a sign of courtesy when you invite another to sit down.
7. Arigatoo gozaimasu. . – Thank you.
This one of the most common expression of thanks. When speaking to equals, subordinates and intimate friends, “gozaimasu” is often omitted.
8. Doo itashimashite. . – Don’t mention it.
Literally means “why or how come”. The idea of the sentence is why you say such a thing ? ( when there no reason to say so). It corresponds to “Don’t mention it, Not at all, You are welcome, That’s alright , etc.”
9. Chotto matte kudasai. – Wait a moment please.
This is said when you want someone to wait for you. This a more polite way of saying “shooshoo omachi kudasai.”
10. Koko de matte ite kudasai. – Wait here till I get back.
Literally, it means “please wait and stay here”. This is said when you want to tell somebody to wait
for you at a certain place while you go elsewhere.
11. Omatase itashimashita. – I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
You will say this when you have made somebody wait for you ( by being late or otherwise.)
12. Sonomama omachi kudasai. – Hold your line please.
This used when talking on the telephone to tell the other party to wait for a while.
13. Hanashichuu desu. – Line is busy.
This also another telephone expression.
14. Sayoonara. – Good bye. 15. Oyasumi nasai. – Goodnight
This can be use when you say farewell to somebody who is about to leave. As a daily expression, it can be use in the office, or in school when you leave that place and won’t meet one another until the next day. But if you leave from one place late in the evening, you’d better say “oyasumi nasai”. Sometimes the two expressions are used together as “Sayoonara, oyasumi nasai”.
16. Itte mairimasu. – I’m going out or I’m leaving. 17. Itte rasshai. – Good bye, have a nice time.
This is addressed to someone left in the house, office, etc. The literal meaning is “ I’ll go out and come back here.” The way to respond to this expression is to say “Itte rasshai.” The literal meaning is “Go for a nice day (or business) and come back safely.
18. Tadaima. – I am back. 19. Okaeri nasai. – Welcome back.
When you return from work or after having met some appointment, you say “Tadaima. To those who were left behind. The response from them should be “okaeri nasai” whose literal meaning is “Welcome back”.
BASIC GRAMMAR : Kono, Sono & Ano
Kono, Sono and Ano are pronouns which always stand immediately before nouns. They are never used alone.
Kore, Sore and Are are usually followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence while Kono, Sono and Ano are never followed by the particle “wa” when use in a sentence. They are always followed by a noun.
Examples ( Reibun ) : Kono kaban – this bag Sono zasshi – that magazine
Ano hito – that person Ano hoteru – that hotel
Sentences ( Bunshoo ) :
1. Kono pen wa watashi no desu. This pen is mine.
Kore wa pen desu. This is a pen.
2. Sono saifu wa watashi no desu. That wallet is mine.
Sore wa saifu desu. That is a wallet
Use the words given in the parenthesis to make a sentence.
1. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. This is my book. ( your, his, her, ours, theirs )
2. Kono hon wa watashi no desu. This book is mine. ( yours, his, hers, ours, theirs )
3. Ano uchi wa Takasi san no desu. That house is Mr. Takasi’s. ( Mr. Doyo’s, Miss Sato’s,
Miss Suzuki’s, Mrs. Yataki’s )
Useful expressions :
1. Wakarimasu ka. Do you understand ?
2. Wakarimasu. I understand.
3. Wakarimasen. I don’t understand.
4. Wakarimashita ka. Did you understand ?
5. Wakarimashita. I understood.
6. Wakarimasen deshita. I didn’t understand.
7. Shitte imasu ka. Do you know ?
8. Shirimasen. I don’t know.
9. Shitte imasu. I know.
10. Doo desu ka. How is it
11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
8. Shirimasen. I don’t know.
9. Shitte imasu. I know.
10. Doo desu ka. How is it
11. Doo deshita ka. How was it ?
“mo” is a particle which adds the sense of also, too. Unlike the English word too, “mo” is not added but takes the place of “wa” as in the following sentences :
1. Kono hito wa gakusei desu. This person is a student.
Kono hito mo gakusei desu. This person is also a student.
2. Ogawa san wa Nihongo no sensei desu. Mr. Ogawa is a Japanese language teacher.
Yataki-san mo Nihongo no sensei desu. Mr. Yataki is also a Japanese language teacher.
“mo” is also used in a negative sentence as in the following sentences :
1. Kore wa jibiki dewa arimasen. This is not a dictionary.
Sore mo jibiki dewa arimasen. That is not a dictionary either.
2. Yamada san wa koomuin dewa arimasen. Miss Yamada is not a government employee.
Ikeda san mo koomuin dewa arimasen. Miss Ikeda is not a government employee either.
New words ( Adjectives )
wakai – young oishii – delicious omoshiroi – interesting
yasashii – easy; kind muzukashii – difficult ookii – big
chiisai – small atarashii – new
New Vocabulary ( atarashii tango )
kyookai – church terebi – television shiken – examination
bangumi – program ( t v ) kawa – river sakki – a while ago
doko emo – (not ) anywhere doko nimo – nowhere yuubinkyoku – post office
depaato – department store
Examples :
1. Kanojo wa wakai desu. She is young.
2. Watashi no uchi wa chiisai desu. My house is small.
3. Ano hoteru wa atarashii desu. That hotel is new.
4. Kono eiga wa omoshiroi desu. This movei is interesting.
PURE ADJECTIVES :
atsui – hot / thick tsuyoi – strong samui – cold ( weather )
yowai – weak usui – thin tsumetai – cold ( object )
yoi – good katai – hard warui – bad
mazui – unsavory; unskillful yawarakai – soft hazukashii – ashamed
takai – tall / expensive tanoshii – pleasant hikui – low
sabishii – lonely yasui – cheap subarashii – wonderful
nagai – long isogashii – busy mijikai – short
ooi – many sei ga takai – tall ( person ) sukunai – few
omoi – heavy sei ga hikui – short ( person ) nigai – bitter
amai – sweet karui – light suppai – sour
hiroi – wide suzushii – cool semai – narrow
atatakai – warm akai – red chikai – near
shiroi – white tooi – far kiiroi – yellow
kuroi – black hayai – early / fast kurai – dark
osoi – late / slow akarui – bright fukai – deep
aoi – blue asai – shallow kawaii – cute
BASIC GRAMMAR
1. Kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu. This book is not interesting.
2. Watashi no tokei wa yasukatta desu. My watch is cheap.
3. Anata no uchi ( ie ) wa chikai desu ka. Is your house near ?
In Japanese grammar, a pure adjective is conjugated as follows :
Present affirmative Present negative Past affirmative Past negative
omoshiroi omoshirokunai omoshirokatta omoshirokunakatta
yasui yasukunai yasukatta yasukunakatta
chikai chikakunai chikakatta chikakunakatta
yawarakai yawarakakunai yawarakakatta yawarakakunakatta
Note : All pure adjectives end in letter “i” ; however they are conjugated in cases where they are used as complements in a be–verb sentence. For example, in the sentence “ subject , wa omoshiroi desu” “omoshiroi” is used as a complement. In such a case as this, depending on the verb tense and whether its negative or positive, pure adjective should be conjugated by dropping the final “i” and replacing it with “kunai”, “katta” , and “kunakatta”.
Type A ( Affirmative and Negative Sentences )
1. Kare wa sei ga takai desu. He is tall. ( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
2. Kanojo wa isogashikunai desu. She is not busy. ( Present negative, isogashikunai)
3. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu. The examination was difficult.
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
4. Ano eiga wa omoshiro kunakatta desu. That movie was not interesting.
( past negative, omoshiro kunakatta )
Type B ( Interrogative sentences )
1. Shiken wa muzukashikatta desu ka. Was the test difficult ?
( past affirmative, muzukashikatta )
2. Shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu ka. Wasn’t the test difficult ?
( past negative, muzukashikunakatta )
3. Kare wa sei ga takai desu ka. Is he tall ? ( present affirmative, sei ga takai )
4. Kare wa sei ga takakunai desu ka. Isn’t he tall ? ( present negative, sei ga takakunai )
5. Yamada-san wa isogashi desu ka. Is Mr. Yamada busy ? (present affirmative, ishogashii )
6. Kanojo wa isogashikatta desu ka. Was she busy ? ( past affirmative, isogashikatta )
BASIC GRAMMAR : Verb “to go” together with its propositions “e” or “ni”
“e” or “ni” is a particle to indicate the destination and the direction. You can always use this particle after places, such as Midsayap e ( to Midsayap ), Nihon e ( to Japan ), Pikit e ( to Pikit ), etc.
According to the English grammar, any kind of verb has its own conjugation in the sentence such as : go goes went gone going
( root ) ( present ) ( past ) ( past particle ) ( present participle )
iku – to go
PRESENT TENSE | PAST TENSE | ||||
Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative | Affirmative | Negative | Interrogative |
ikimasu | ikimasen | ikimasu ka | ikimashita | ikimasen deshita | ikimashita ka |
mashoo – ( lets ) nasai – ( order form )
In Nihongo, all verbs have their own conjugations, too. Most of the common verbs have the letter “u” at the end of the word, such as “iku”. When the verb is used in the sentence, the letter “u” can get each conjugation depending on the use in the sentence.
English and Japanese grammars are similar to each other when it comes to adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modifying nouns become complements in the sentence and adverbs modify adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.
Kare wa Midsayap e ( ni ) ikimasu. He goes to Midsayap.
S V S V adverb
In the example, “to Midsayap” is written after the verb “goes” but “Midsayap e” is written before the verb “ikimasu”. Japanese adverbs should be placed before the modified words.
1. Tanaka-san wa Cotabato e ikimashita. Mr. Tanaka went to Cotabato
2. Kare wa gakkoo e ikimasen deshita. He did not go to school.
3. Anata wa sakki doko e ikimashita ka. Where did you go a while ago ?
4. Watashi wa doko emo ikimasen deshita. I didn’t go anywhere.
5. Anata wa doko e ikimasu ka. Where will you go ? ( do you go )
6. Utto-san wa Davao e ikimasen. Mr. Utto will not go to Davao. ( does not go )
7. Watashi wa Baguer e ikimasu. I go to Baguer.
In Japanese as in other languages, there are regular and irregular verbs. However, irregular verbs are very few in number – only two basic verbs in all. All the rest of the verbs are regular with exception of a few which are slightly irregular in some respects.
The Japanese verbs are of two kinds – “Godan” verbs and “ichidan” verbs. The “godan” verbs, literally five row verbs, are so called because they have different bases of conjugation. They are sometimes called strong verbs or consonant verbs. The “ichidan” verbs, literally one row verbs, are so called because they have been thought to have only one base of conjugation. They are sometimes called weak verbs or vowel verbs.
The dictionary form of all “ichidan” verbs ends either in “iru” or “eru”. All other regular verbs belong to the “godan” verbs with few exceptions. The following verbs ends in “eru” or “iru” but they are “godan” verbs ; hairu; kaeru; mairu; iru; kiru and shiru.
Some common verbs
Group 1( Godan verbs ) Ends in u, ku, gu, su, tsu, nu, bu, mu and ru. – replace final u with imasu
1. nomu – to drink
2. yomu – to read
3. kau – to buy
4. narau – to learn
5. kaku – to write
6. isogu – to hurry
7. morau – to receive; be given
8. aruku – to walk
9. hairu – to enter, get in
10. okuru – to send
11. kiru – to cut ; to wear
12. hanasu – to speak
13. iku – to go
14. oyogu – to swim
15. shinu – to die
16. matsu – to wait
17. toru – to take
18. kaeru – to return
19. mairu – to come, go
20. kaesu – to return something; to give back
21. wakaru – to understand ; to be comprehensible
22. aru – to be ; exist
23. asobu – to play
12. hanasu – to speak
13. iku – to go
14. oyogu – to swim
15. shinu – to die
16. matsu – to wait
17. toru – to take
18. kaeru – to return
19. mairu – to come, go
20. kaesu – to return something; to give back
21. wakaru – to understand ; to be comprehensible
22. aru – to be ; exist
23. asobu – to play
24. machigau – to make a mistake
25. kasu – to lend
26. tsukau – to use
27. ageru – to give, to offer
28. taberu – to eat
29. iru – to need; to require
25. kasu – to lend
26. tsukau – to use
27. ageru – to give, to offer
28. taberu – to eat
29. iru – to need; to require
Group 2 ( Ichidan verbs ) replace the final ru with masu.
1. okiru – to get up ; to wake up
2. oshieru – to teach 3. miseru – to show , to let someone see
4. hajimeru – to begin
5. akeru – to open
6. neru – to sleep ; to go to sleep
7. wasureru – to forget
8. miru – to see ; to watch ; to look at
9. shimeru – to shut
7. wasureru – to forget
8. miru – to see ; to watch ; to look at
9. shimeru – to shut
Group 3 ( Irregular verbs )
1. kuru – to come
2. suru – to do
3. itte kuru – to go and come back
4. katte kuru – to go and buy
5. kiite kuru – to go and inquire
6. totte kuru – to fetch
7. motte kuru – to bring
8. mite kuru – to go and see
9. karite kuru – to go and borrow
10. chumon suru – to order; to give an order
11. ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
12. sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
13. benkyo suru – to study; to work
9. karite kuru – to go and borrow
10. chumon suru – to order; to give an order
11. ryori suru – to cook; to prepare food
12. sentaku suru – to wash ( clothing )
13. benkyo suru – to study; to work
Dictionary form | Present tense | Past tense | Present negative | Past negative | Meaning |
nomu | nomimasu | nomimashita | nomimasen | nomimasen deshita | drink |
Kasu | kashimasu | kashimashita | kashimasen | kashimasen deshita | lend |
Aruku | arukimasu | arukimashita | arukimasen | arukimasen deshita | walk |
New words
1. riyu – a reason 9. yomikata – reading; how to read 17. denwa – telephone
2. imi – meaning 10. chawan – cup 18. tama – ball
3. koppu – a glass; tumbler 11. saji – a spoon 19. ana – hole
4. kotoba – a word; a language 12. banjo – toilet 20. fujin – lady
5. machi – a town; a street 13. dempo - telegram 21. gohan – meal
6. yane – roof 14. kagi – key 22. bara – rose
7. tarai – basin 15. hari – needles 23. nezumi – mouse
8. ame – rain 16. tamago – eggs 24. koori – ice
25. sakki – a while ago 48. kissaten – coffee shop
26. doko emo – anywhere 49. eigakan – movie theater
27. doko nimo – nowhere 50. asoko – over there
28. depaato – department 51. soko – there
29. yuubinkyoku – post office 52. koko – here
30. shokudoo – dining room 53. resutoran – restaurant
31. kado – corner 54. toire – comfort room
32. kusuriya – drugstore 55. juutakuchi – residential area
33. Rizal kooen – Rizal Park 56. rajio kasetto – radio cassette
34. Santiago Yoosai – Fort Santiago 57. suupaamaaketto – supermarket
35. ginkoo – bank 58. eki – station
36. shootengai – shopping district 59. shiyakusho – City hall
37. taiikukan – gymnasium 60. ichiba – market ( place )
38. keibajoo – horse racing track 61. Bunka Kaikan – Cultural Center
39. teiryuujoo – a stopping place, bus stop 62. Kokusai kuukoo – International Airport
40. Kokunai kuukoo – Domestic Airport 63. nyuugaku shaken – entrance examination
41. shoogakkoo – elementary school 64. Nihon taishikan – Embassy of Japan
42. taishikan – embassy 65. Gaimushoo – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
43. hakubutsukan – museum 66. daigakusei – university student
44. Monbushoo – Ministry of Education 67. gimukyooiku – compulsory education
45. kootoogakkoo – senior high school 68. daigaku – university / college
46. toshokan – library 69. Kokusai kaigijoo – International Convention Center
47. chuugakkoo – junior high school
Nani ka Nani ga Nani mo
Nani ga is use as a subject, nani mo is use with negative expressions.
Ya – ya and to are different in what they imply; Example: Anata to watashi == you and I
Anata ya watashi == you and I and other people like us.
Nado – and so forth; and the like; and so on. Nado is used as a final element in enumerating.
Ex. Hon ya jibiki ya empitsu nado ga arimasu == There are books, dictionaries pencils and the like.
Expression of Existence
a) Ga arimasu – is used inanimate things ( things which cannot move by itself)
b) Ga imasu – is used for animate things.
1. Nani ka arimasu ka. Is there anything ? ( inanimate object )
2. Nani ga arimasu ka. What is there ? ( inanimate object )
3. Nani mo arimasen. There is nothing.
4. Nani ka imasu ka. Is there one ? ( living object )
5. Dare ka imasu ka. Is there anybody ?
6. Dare ga imasu ka. Who is there ? ( people only )
6. Iie, nani mo arimasen. No, there is nothing. ( inanimate object )
7. Iie, dare mo imasen No, there is nobody. ( people only )
8. Nani ga imasu ka. What is there ? ( animate object )
Sentences :
1. Anatagata no gakkoo wa doko ni arimasu ka.
Where is your school ?
Where is your school ?
2. Watashi no gakkoo wa Nihon Taishikan no soba ni arimasu.
Our school is beside the Japnese embassy.
Our school is beside the Japnese embassy.
3. Rustan depaato wa doko ni arimasu ka.
Where is Rustan department store ?
Where is Rustan department store ?
4. Intercontinental Hoteru no mae ni arimasu.
It is in front of Intercontinental hotel.
It is in front of Intercontinental hotel.
5. Taishikan no soba ni nani ga arimasu ka.
What is beside the embassy ?
What is beside the embassy ?
6. Ginkko ya depaato ya suupaamaketto nado ga arimasu.
There are banks, department store, supermarket and others.
There are banks, department store, supermarket and others.
7. Kusuriya mo arimasu ka. Is there a drugstore too ?
8. Iie, kusuriya wa arimasen. No, there is no drugstore.
9. Anata no uchi wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where is your house ?
10. Watashi no uchi wa Tokyoo ni arimasu. My house in in Tokyo.
11. Tokyoo no doko ni arimasu. Where is it in Tokyo ?
12. Tokyoo no Meguro ni arimasu. It is in Meguro, Tokyo.
13. Meguro yuubinkyoku no chikaku desu. It is near the Meguro post office.
14. Sato-san wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is Mr. Sato ?
15. Toire wa asoko ni arimasu. The comfort room is over there.
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